Table 1.

Signal transduction-mediated metabolites in cancers

Category	Receptor	Metabolites	cancers	Effects mediated by receptor	Ref./refs.
Glucose	GPR31	Lactic acid and pyruvate	Colorectal cancer Prostate cancer	Tumor progression	34,35
	SUCNR1	Succinate	Cancers with SDH germline mutation	Cancer metastasis and invasion Angiogenesis Macrophage migration and M2 polarization	36–40
Fatty acid	GPR109A	Niacin and butyric acid	Colorectal cancer	Cell apoptosis, against carcinogenesis	112
		β-Hydroxybutyrate	Colorectal cancer	Tregs and IL-10-producing T cell activation	137
		Short-chain fatty acid β-Hydroxybutyrate	Breast cancer	Apoptosis and cell cycle stagnation	138
	GPR109B	3-Hydroxyoctanoate	Breast cancer	Cell proliferation Inhibition of FAO	136,146,157
	GPR43	Short-chain fatty acid	Colorectal cancer	Inhibition of recruitment and migration of neutrophils Failure of CD8(+) T cells Excessive activation Of DCs	160,163
	GPR84	Medium-chain fatty acid	Acute myeloid leukemia	Activation of Wnt signaling	173
			Colorectal cancer	Inhibition of osteoclastogenesis	176
			B cell lymphoma	Macrophage phagocytosis	177
	GPR40	Oleic acid	Hepatocellular carcinoma	Cell proliferation, migration and invasion	180,181
			Ovarian cancer	Cell proliferation, migration and invasion	182
			Prostate cancer	Activation of PI3K/Akt signaling Cell invasion	183
	GPR120	Long-chain fatty acid	Breast cancer	De novo synthesis of fatty acids	187,188
			Pancreatic cancer Colorectal carcinoma Bone cancer	Cell migration and invasion	189,190
			Prostate cancer	Activation of M2 macrophages	191
			Melanoma	Inhibition of cell migration and invasion	189
			Lung cancer
	GPR78	Unknown	Breast cancer	Mitochondrial transport of fatty acids Inhibition of Macrophage infiltration	195
Amino acid	mTOR	Leucine	Acute myeloid leukemia Subependymal giant cell Astrocytomas Triple-negative breast cancer Pancreatic tumor	Activating protein synthesis	300,307,314,318
	GPR109A	Niacin	Colorectal cancer	Inhibit glucose transport and glycolysis	326
	xCT	Glutamate cysteine	Non-small cell lung cancer	Regulate cancer metastasis	344
	AKT	NA	Unknown	Stimulates proliferation and anti-apoptotic responses	362
	Cell cycle regulators	8-Hydroxyquinaldic acid	Colon cancer	Inhibit proliferation and mitochondrial activity	365
		Cadaverine	Breast cancer	Inhibit cellular movement and invasion	366,367