Table 2.

Epigenetic regulation mediated metabolites in cancers

Category	Metabolites	Effect target	Effects mediated by target	Ref./refs.
Glucose	Glucose	Histone H3	Tumor formation Tumor proliferation	41,44
		NEDD4	Activate cancer-related pathways	41
		PKM2	Tumor growth	45
		OGT	Tumor proliferation Altering tumor metabolism Metastasis	55,58–60
		Histone 2A K119	Glucose starvation-induced cell death	70,71
		ncRNA	Promotes cell survival (NBR2) Modulate key glycolytic enzymes in tumors Inhibition of PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling Tumor suppressor MEG)	75–83
Fatty acid	Short-chain fatty acid	HDAC	Tumor suppressor gene expression; MicroRNA expression; Activation, nuclear translocation and DNA binding of transcription factors; Cell cycle arrest and cell apoptosis HDAC transcription inhibition	118,213,216,218–220
		KAT	MHC class I related chain A/B expression	220
	Medium-chain fatty acids	HDAC	Tumor suppressor gene expression	234,235
	Acetone body	HDAC	Inhibition of lipolysis, inflammation, oxidative stress, cancer growth, and angiogenesis	237
	ω-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid	EZH2	H3K27me3 modification MicroRNA silencing regulation	216,253
		CD44,MMP-9	Extracellular matrix (ECM) remodeling inhibition	254,255
		Sirtuin 1	Histones and non-histone proteins Deacetylase	257,258
		miRNA-26	Contribution of 15-PGDH’s translation	265–267
		miRNAs	Exosome secretion of miRNAs	269
	Fish oil and pectin	Genes involved in apoptosis	Cell apoptosis	259–261
	DHA and butyric acid	Apoptosis related-genes promoters	Inhibition of apoptosis-related genes Methylation	263
	Fatty acid ester of phloridzin	HDAC	Inhibition of HDAC expression	270
	DMU-214	Migration and proliferation related factors	Inhibition of cell proliferation and movement	275
		GPR56	Inhibition of cell motility	276
	Protopanaxadiol	Puma, Noxa,MCL-1	Cancer cell death	277
		Fatty acid and cholesterol biosynthesis related factors	Cancer cell death	277
	Acetyl-CoA	NA	Histone acetylation	287,289
	Organic acid	NA	Histone acylation	295–299
Amino acid	L-arginine	BAZ1B	Methylated histones	369,370
		Psip1	The protection of apoptosis	369,370
		circFBXL5	Inhibiting cell migration, invasion and promoting apoptosis	375
	Acetyl-CoA	NA	Histone acetylation	377
	Lysine-derived acetyl-CoA	LRP6	Wnt signaling and renewal of colon tumor initiating cells	387
	Polyamines	eFI5A	Effect posttranscriptional aspects of gene regulation	393
	Serine	PKM2	Key molecules regulated by Wnt/β-catenin signal	401
		HDAC3	Histone deacetylation	404
		TGIF2	Inhibited transforming growth factor Β signal	404
	S-adenosylmethionine	DNMTs	DNA methyltransferase	409
		HMTs	Histone methyltransferase	409