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. 2023 May 10;13:7613. doi: 10.1038/s41598-023-34408-0

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Predictions of how changes in the strength of intraspecific interactions could affect the relationship between predator growth (represented as body size) and population size. In (a), predator length declines as its population size increases owing to increased intraspecific interactions, such as competition or aggression, thus reducing the energy available for surplus growth. Environmental changes that (b) increase the frequency or intensity of intraspecific interactions would be expected to increase the slope of the relationship between body size and population size, with the opposite occurring if (c) the frequency or intensity of intraspecific interactions are reduced.