TABLE 3.
Comparison between the four studied groups according to side effects
| Parameter | Tramadol (n = 30) | Pregabalin (n = 30) | Clonidine (n = 30) | Placebo (n = 30) | χ2 | P | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nausea and vomiting | |||||||
| Intraoperative | 2 (6.7%) | 1 (3.3%) | 1 (3.3%) | 0 (0.0%) | 2.062 | 0.905 | |
| Postoperative | 2 (6.7%) | 0 (0.0%) | 0 (0.0%) | 0 (0.0%) | 3.599 | 0.244 | |
| MAP changes | Intraoperative | ||||||
| No change | 22 (73.3%) | 27 (90.0%) | 25 (83.3%) | 27 (90.0%) | 3.816 | 0.258 | |
| Hypotension | 8 (26.7%) | 3 (10.0%) | 5 (16.7%) | 3 (10.0%) | |||
| Hypertension | 0 (0.0%) | 0 (0.0%) | 0 (0.0%) | 0 (0.0%) | |||
| Postoperative | |||||||
| No change | 30 (100.0%) | 28 (93.3%) | 27 (90.0%) | 30 (100.0%) | 4.693 | 0.168 | |
| Hypotension | 0 (0.0%) | 2 (6.7%) | 3 (10.0%) | 0 (0.0%) | |||
| Hypertension | 0 (0.0%) | 0 (0.0%) | 0 (0.0%) | 0 (0.0%) | |||
| HR changes | Intraoperative | ||||||
| No change | 23 (76.7%) | 26 (86.7%) | 26 (86.7%) | 28 (93.3%) | 3.299 | 0.380 | |
| Tachycardia | 0 (0.0%) | 0 (0.0%) | 0 (0.0%) | 0 (0.0%) | |||
| Bradycardia | 7 (23.3%) | 4 (13.3%) | 4 (13.3%) | 2 (6.7%) | |||
| Postoperative | |||||||
| No change | 30 (100.0%) | 29 (96.7%) | 26 (86.7%) | 30 (100.0%) | 6.223 | 0.054 | |
| Tachycardia | 0 (0.0%) | 0 (0.0%) | 0 (0.0%) | 0 (0.0%) | |||
| Bradycardia | 0 (0.0%) | 1 (3.3%) | 4 (13.3%) | 0 (0.0%) | |||
| Dizziness | 10a (33.3%) | 6a,b (20.0%) | 2b,c (6.7%) | 0c (0.0%) | 15.547* | 0.001* | |
| Dry mouth | 1 (3.3%) | 2 (6.7%) | 4 (13.3%) | 0 (0.0%) | 4.602 | 0.207 | |
χ2 – chi square test.
*
Statistically significant at P ≤ 0.05
Common letters are not significant (i.e. different letters are significant)