Table 5.

Main sustainability impacts of diet change in Gunayala and associated mechanisms

Sustainability pillar	Impact category	Mechanism	Feedback loops
Social	Loss of ILK	Reduced demand for traditional food items affects cultural practices associated with food consumption and production that are important opportunities for transmitting ILK, which is central for Gunas society	R1: Non-traditional meals preparation/consumption (+) Reliance on purchased food (+) Need for income generation (+) Local engagement in tourism activities (−) Local engagement in agricultural, fishing and hunting activities (+) Opportunities for elders to share traditional knowledge (+) Indigenous local knowledge (+) Traditional food preparation knowledge (+) Traditional meals preparation / consumption (−) R2: Non-traditional meals preparation/consumption (+) Reliance on purchased food (+) Need for income generation (+) Local engagement in tourism activities (−) Local engagement in agricultural, fishing and hunting activities (+) Local ingredients supply (−) Local ingredients price (−) Traditional meals preparation/consumption (+) Strength of community and family ties (+) Indigenous local knowledge (+) Traditional food preparation knowledge (−) R3: Local chiefs' leadership (+) Local engagement in agricultural, fishing and hunting activities (+) Opportunities for elders to share traditional knowledge (+) Indigenous local knowledge (+)
Social	Food security	Increased consumption of new food items has increased dietary diversity Increased reliance on imported food has increased the vulnerability of food supply to disruptions during climatic shocks (e.g., storms) Increased reliance on food purchases for some Gunas households increases the vulnerability of food access to livelihood disruptions (e.g., decline of tourism activities)	NA
Social	Health	Increased reliance on processed food items increases the risk of non-communicable diseases Increased consumption of non-traditional instant flavored drinks has reduced urgency of boiling water and increased prevalence of communicable diseases	NA
Economic	Income generation	- Increased demand of imported food items offers income opportunities for shop and restaurant owners - Increased engagement in tourism activities for income generation, as it is more more profitable than local food production	R4: Non-traditional meals preparation/consumption (+) Reliance on purchased food (+) Need for income generation (+) Retail and food businesses (+) Income generation (+) Youth's interest in tourism sector (+) Local engagement in tourism activities (−) Local engagement in agricultural, fishing and hunting activities (+) Opportunities for elders to share traditional knowledge (+) Indigenous local knowledge (+) Traditional food preparation knowledge (+) Traditional meals preparation/consumption (−)
Economic	Increased cost of living	Many households invest a large proportion of their income for food purchases	NA
Environmental	Waste generation and marine pollution	The plastic wrapping of many new food items is a major source of waste and marine pollution	NA
Environmental	Overexploitation of marine species	Diet change indirectly causes the overexploitation of some marine species to generate income from the tourism sector to be used for food purchases	R5: Non-traditional meals preparation/consumption (+) Reliance on purchased food (+) Need for income generation (+) Local involvement in tourism activities (+) Demand for high value marine products (+) High value marine species exploitation (−) Local ingredients supply (−) Local ingredients price (−) Traditional meals preparation/consumption (−)