Table 1.
: Baseline characteristics according to neighborhood vehicle ownership and race.
| Higher Vehicle Ownership |
Lower Vehicle Ownership |
White Patients Lower Vehicle Ownership |
Black Patients Lower Vehicle Ownership |
White Patients Higher Vehicle Ownership |
Black Patients Higher Vehicle Ownership |
||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| (n = 15,002) | (n = 15,124) | P value | (n = 7257) | (n = 2305) | P value | (n = 9267) | (n = 1069) | P value | |
| Demographics | |||||||||
| Age | 67.8 (+/- 13.2) | 68.5 (+/- 13.7) | <0.01 | 71.2 (+/- 13.1) | 68.2 (+/- 13.5) | <0.01 | 69.6 (+/- 12.9) | 66.6 (+/- 13.2) | <0.01 |
| Male | 9857 (65.7) | 9197 (60.8) | <0.01 | 4435 (61.1) | 1131 (49.1) | <0.01 | 6017 (64.9) | 601 (56.2) | <0.01 |
| Race/Ethnicity | |||||||||
| Asian | 1263 (8.4) | 1145 (7.6) | <0.01 | ||||||
| Black | 1069 (7.1) | 2305 (15.2) | <0.01 | ||||||
| Hispanic | 2957 (19.7) | 3934 (26.0) | <0.01 | ||||||
| White | 9267 (61.8) | 7257 (48.0) | <0.01 | ||||||
| Other | 446 (3.0) | 483 (3.2) | 0.28 | ||||||
| Income | |||||||||
| < $45,000 | 1278 (8.5) | 6752 (44.6) | <0.01 | 2599 (35.8) | 1361 (59.0) | <0.01 | 659 (7.1) | 115 (10.8) | <0.01 |
| $45,000-$80,000 | 7886 (52.6) | 6775 (44.8) | <0.01 | 3619 (49.9) | 823 (35.7) | <0.01 | 4492 (48.5) | 654 (61.2) | <0.01 |
| >$80,000 | 5838 (38.9) | 1597 (10.6) | <0.01 | 1039 (14.3) | 121 (5.2) | <0.01 | 4116 (44.4) | 300 (28.1) | <0.01 |
| Insurance | |||||||||
| Commercial | 5953 (39.7) | 6035 (39.9) | 0.70 | 2420 (33.3) | 974 (42.3) | <0.01 | 3263 (35.2) | 478 (44.7) | <0.01 |
| Medicaid | 280 (1.9) | 522 (3.5) | <0.01 | 101 (1.4) | 101 (4.4) | <0.01 | 88 (0.9) | 33 (3.1) | <0.01 |
| Medicare | 5047 (33.6) | 5108 (33.8) | 0.82 | 2851 (39.3) | 743 (32.2) | <0.01 | 3475 (37.5) | 292 (27.3) | <0.01 |
| Other Insurance | 3722 (24.8) | 3459 (22.9) | <0.01 | 1885 (26.0) | 487 (21.1) | <0.01 | 2441 (26.3) | 266 (24.9) | 0.32 |
| Comorbidities | |||||||||
| Hypertension | 10,042 (66.9) | 10,659 (70.5) | <0.01 | 5123 (70.6) | 1850 (80.3) | <0.01 | 6197 (66.9) | 845 (79.0) | <0.01 |
| Hyperlipidemia | 9304 (62.0) | 9510 (62.9) | 0.12 | 4560 (62.8) | 1445 (62.7) | 0.92 | 5684 (61.3) | 680 (63.6) | 0.16 |
| Diabetes | 5099 (34.0) | 5756 (38.1) | <0.01 | 2332 (32.1) | 983 (42.6) | <0.01 | 2730 (29.5) | 414 (38.7) | <0.01 |
| Obesity | 2965 (19.8) | 3103 (20.5) | 0.11 | 1386 (19.1) | 602 (26.1) | <0.01 | 1795 (19.4) | 284 (26.6) | <0.01 |
| CAD | 2673 (17.8) | 2727 (18.0) | 0.64 | 1419 (19.6) | 425 (18.4) | 0.25 | 1784 (19.3) | 180 (16.8) | 0.06 |
| PVD | 4214 (28.1) | 4478 (29.6) | <0.01 | 2308 (31.8) | 767 (33.3) | 0.20 | 2771 (29.9) | 315 (29.5) | 0.80 |
| Atrial Fibrillation | 1571 (10.5) | 1609 (10.6) | 0.65 | 950 (13.1) | 231 (10.0) | <0.01 | 1148 (12.4) | 102 (9.5) | <0.01 |
| CHF | 2213 (14.8) | 2641 (17.5) | <0.01 | 1275 (17.6) | 539 (23.4) | <0.01 | 1405 (15.2) | 205 (19.2) | <0.01 |
| Stroke | 2404 (16.0) | 2591 (17.1) | 0.01 | 1347 (18.6) | 429 (18.6) | 0.98 | 1568 (16.9) | 210 (19.6) | 0.03 |
| Lung Disease | 3180 (21.2) | 3467 (22.9) | <0.01 | 1905 (26.3) | 571 (24.8) | 0.17 | 2129 (23.0) | 240 (22.5) | 0.73 |
| Liver Disease | 573 (3.8) | 664 (4.4) | 0.01 | 264 (3.6) | 117 (5.1) | <0.01 | 318 (3.4) | 38 (3.6) | 0.90 |
| Kidney Disease | 3989 (26.6) | 4642 (30.7) | <0.01 | 2142 (29.5) | 920 (39.9) | <0.01 | 2405 (26.0) | 342 (32.0) | <0.01 |
| Prior Medications | |||||||||
| Statin | 7751 (51.7) | 7968 (52.7) | 0.08 | 3891 (53.6) | 1223 (53.1) | 0.66 | 4781 (51.6) | 558 (52.2) | 0.73 |
| P2Y12 | 1419 (9.5) | 1431 (9.5) | 1.00 | 735 (10.1) | 223 (9.7) | 0.55 | 887 (9.6) | 115 (10.8) | 0.23 |
| Beta Blocker | 6338 (42.2) | 6589 (43.6) | 0.02 | 3277 (45.2) | 1126 (48.9) | <0.01 | 3991 (43.1) | 506 (47.3) | <0.01 |
| ACEi/ARB | 7692 (51.3) | 7964 (52.7) | 0.02 | 3790 (52.2) | 1308 (56.7) | <0.01 | 4676 (50.5) | 608 (56.9) | <0.01 |
| Nitrate | 1133 (7.6) | 1249 (8.3) | 0.02 | 590 (8.1) | 246 (10.7) | <0.01 | 664 (7.2) | 87 (8.1) | 0.27 |
| Smoking History | |||||||||
| Active | 1376 (9.2) | 1615 (10.7) | <0.01 | 789 (10.9) | 284 (12.3) | 0.06 | 892 (9.6) | 123 (11.5) | 0.06 |
| Passive | 56 (0.4) | 71 (0.5) | 0.23 | 31 (0.4) | 16 (0.7) | 0.15 | 28 (0.3) | 6 (0.6) | 0.16 |
| Quit | 4837 (32.2) | 4852 (32.1) | 0.77 | 2559 (35.3) | 771 (33.4) | 0.12 | 3173 (34.2) | 358 (33.5) | 0.65 |
| Never | 5650 (37.7) | 5559 (36.8) | 0.11 | 2372 (32.7) | 815 (35.4) | 0.02 | 3197 (34.5) | 408 (38.2) | 0.02 |
| Missing Information | 3083 (20.6) | 3027 (20.0) | 0.25 | 1506 (20.8) | 419 (18.2) | <0.01 | 1977 (21.3) | 174 (16.3) | <0.01 |
| Treatment for MI | |||||||||
| Medical Therapy | 8970 (59.8) | 9142 (60.4) | 0.25 | 4485 (61.8) | 1563 (67.8) | <0.01 | 5649 (61.0) | 742 (69.4) | <0.01 |
| PCI | 4804 (32.0) | 4754 (31.4) | 0.28 | 2210 (30.5) | 602 (26.1) | <0.01 | 2894 (31.2) | 265 (24.8) | <0.01 |
| CABG | 1562 (10.4) | 1528 (10.1) | 0.39 | 710 (9.8) | 169 (7.3) | <0.01 | 920 (9.9) | 78 (7.3) | <0.01 |
Abbreviations: CAD, coronary artery disease; PVD, peripheral vascular disease; CHF, congestive heart failure; P2Y12, P2Y12 inhibiting medications; ACEi, angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor; ARB, angiotensin receptor blocker; MI, myocardial infarction; PCI, percutaneous coronary intervention; CABG, coronary artery bypass surgery.