Table 1.
Sociodemographic characteristics and consumption rates of pickled vegetables and fermented bean curd among study participants.
| Characteristic | Non-diabetic group | Diabetic group | P-value |
|---|---|---|---|
| N (%) | 5,926 (89.2) | 714 (10.8) | |
| Sex (%) | |||
| Male | 2,767 (46.7) | 344 (48.2) | 0.476 |
| Female | 3,159 (53.3) | 370 (51.8) | |
| Age (%) | |||
| 18–44 | 3,319 (56.0) | 319 (44.7) | <0.001 |
| 45–59 | 1,732 (29.2) | 239 (33.5) | |
| ≥60 | 875 (14.8) | 156 (21.8) | |
| Education (%) | |||
| No formal school | 2,123 (35.8) | 308 (43.1) | <0.001 |
| Primary or middle school | 3,037 (51.2) | 331 (46.4) | |
| High school | 506 (8.5) | 59 (8.3) | |
| College/university or higher | 260 (4.4) | 16 (2.2) | |
| Area (%) | |||
| Urban | 1,922 (32.4) | 197 (27.6) | 0.01 |
| Rural | 4,004 (67.6) | 517 (72.4) | |
| Marital status (%) | |||
| Single/never married | 576 (9.7) | 46 (6.4) | 0.001 |
| Married | 4,810 (81.2) | 576 (80.7) | |
| Divorce | 512 (8.6) | 88 (12.3) | |
| Other | 28 (0.5) | 4 (0.6) | |
| Smoking (%) | |||
| Always | 1,405 (23.7) | 207 (29.0) | 0.008 |
| Sometimes | 461 (7.8) | 52 (7.3) | |
| Never | 4,060 (68.5) | 455 (63.7) | |
| BMI (median [IQR]) | 22.24 [20.45, 24.47] | 22.97 [20.71, 25.75] | <0.001 |
| Alcohol intake (%) | |||
| Always | 407 (6.9) | 69 (9.7) | 0.006 |
| 1–6 days/week | 687 (11.6) | 93 (13.0) | |
| 1–3 days/month | 494 (8.3) | 43 (6.0) | |
| Never | 4,338 (73.2) | 509 (71.3) | |
| Exercise (%) | |||
| Never | 5,447 (91.9) | 666 (93.3) | 0.076 |
| 1 or 2 days/week | 135 (2.3) | 7 (1.0) | |
| ≥3 days/week | 344 (5.8) | 41 (5.7) | |
| Vegetable intake (median [IQR]) g/day | 300.00 (200.00, 500.00) | 300.00 (200.00, 500.00) | 0.17 |
| Meat intake (median [IQR]) g/day | 70.43 (31.90, 117.62) | 62.86 (27.74, 110.22) | 0.03 |
| Rice intake (median [IQR]) g/day | 400.00 (300.00, 500.00) | 400.00 (300.00, 450.00) | 0.066 |
| Hypertension (%) | |||
| No | 4,536 (76.5) | 504 (70.6) | 0.001 |
| Yes | 1,390 (23.5) | 210 (29.4) | |
| Dyslipidemia (%) | |||
| No | 5,827 (98.3) | 695 (97.3) | 0.081 |
| Yes | 99 (1.7) | 19 (2.7) | |
| Pickled vegetable intake (%) | |||
| 0 kg/month | 4,182 (70.6) | 558 (78.2) | <0.001 |
| 0–0.5 kg/month | 1,369 (23.1) | 138 (19.3) | |
| >0.5 kg/month | 375 (6.3) | 18 (2.5) | |
| Fermented bean curd intake | |||
| No | 4,555 (76.9) | 595 (83.3) | <0.001 |
| Yes | 1,371(23.1) | 119 (16.7) | |