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. 2023 May 11;14:127. doi: 10.1186/s13287-023-03356-x

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

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Fig. 3 — BMSC-contributed MFD provides maintenance and enlargement of SALL4(+) and PLZF(+) SSPC pool and PAS-stained spermatogonia in vitro. Immune labeling of a SALL4(+) and c PLZF(+) SSPCs, and e PAS-stained of spermatogonia in prepubertal mice testes from day 7 to 42 in BMSC-CM-applied and non-applied HD and MFD (SALL4 IHC and PAS–hematoxylin, 1000x). Note the presence of SSPCs indicated by arrow on SALL4-labeled sections. In time change in b number of SALL4(+) cells, d ratio of PLZF(+) cells to total testicular cells and f spermatogonium count in BMSC-CM-applied and non-applied groups are illustrated in bar graph with standard deviation and data distribution (*p < 0.05, n = 6 testes, 50 tubules for SALL4; n = 6 testes for PLZF). g Line graph illustrates positive correlation of SALL4 with PLZF labeling and spermatogonium number for SSPCs in control and BMSC groups (R² = 0.0319, p = 0.5785; R² = 0.9994, p = 0.001, respectively) (arrows: SSPCs, asterisks: seminiferous tubules)