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. 2023 May 11;14:127. doi: 10.1186/s13287-023-03356-x

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

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Fig. 4 — BMSC-CM-contributed MFD promotes IVS. In time change in number of a spermatocytes and b spermatids per tubules in BMSC-CM-applied and non-applied groups are shown in bar graph with standard deviation and data distribution (*p < 0.05, n = 6 testes, 50 tubules). Line graphs illustrate positive correlation between the c number of spermatocyte and spermatogonium, d spermatid and spermatogonium and e spermatocyte and spermatid in BMSC-CM-applied and non-applied HD and MFD (R² = 0.02699, p = 0.0894; R² = 0.09664, p = 0.3254; R² = 0.7634, p = 0.0002, respectively). Flow cytometric analysis of f c-Kit(+) and h VASA(+) cell ratio to total testicular cells. Bar graph with standard deviation and data distribution illustrates in time change in g c-Kit and i VASA-labeled cell ratio to total testicular cells in BMSC-CM-applied and non-applied HD and MFD (*p < 0.05, n = 6 testes)