Table 2.

Dietary intake of study participants according to main meal frequency

	Men (n = 9,675)				Women (n = 13,024)
	Main meal frequency (meals/day)			p-value	Main meal frequency (meals/day)			p-value
	3 (n = 6,502)	2 (n = 2,907)	1 (n = 266)		3 (n = 8,681)	2 (n = 3,979)	1 (n = 364)
Energy, kcal/day	2,221.2 ± 12.41)	2,021.8 ± 17.5	1,548.1 ± 51.1	< 0.00013)	1,709.3 ± 8.6	1,511.9 ± 11.1	1,217.5 ± 32.9	< 0.0001
Carbohydrates, g/day	347.2 ± 1.8	293.7 ± 2.5	210.6 ± 6.6	< 0.0001	276.0 ± 1.4	227.9 ± 1.7	180.6 ± 5.0	< 0.0001
Protein, g/day	87.6 ± 0.6	82.7 ± 0.9	65.9 ± 3.0	< 0.0001	63.1 ± 0.4	57.6 ± 0.6	44.3 ± 1.6	< 0.0001
Fat, g/day	53.6 ± 0.6	57.4 ± 0.9	49.1 ± 3.1	0.0003	39.2 ± 0.4	41.1 ± 0.6	35.3 ± 1.5	< 0.0001
Fiber, g/day	29.5 ± 0.2	22.7 ± 0.3	15.9 ± 0.7	< 0.0001	25.6 ± 0.2	19.2 ± 0.2	13.6 ± 0.5	< 0.0001
%Energy from meal
Breakfast	21.7 ± 0.2	7.7 ± 0.3	1.8 ± 0.7	< 0.0001	22.8 ± 0.1	11.2 ± 0.3	2.9 ± 0.6	< 0.0001
Lunch	30.6 ± 0.2	31.4 ± 0.4	24.7 ± 2.3	0.0061	30.7 ± 0.2	30.7 ± 0.4	32.2 ± 2.3	0.7826
Dinner	33.2 ± 0.2	40.8 ± 0.4	39.0 ± 2.6	< 0.0001	29.9 ± 0.2	35.0 ± 0.4	26.7 ± 2.1	< 0.0001
Snack	14.5 ± 0.2	20.1 ± 0.4	34.5 ± 1.8	< 0.0001	16.6 ± 0.2	23.1 ± 0.3	38.1 ± 1.5	< 0.0001
Eat duration, h	12.9 ± 0.03	11.4 ± 0.1	9.0 ± 0.4	< 0.0001	12.1 ± 0.02	10.4 ± 0.1	8.8 ± 0.3	< 0.0001
Meal episodes, n	5.8 ± 0.02	4.7 ± 0.04	3.5 ± 0.1	< 0.0001	5.6 ± 0.02	4.6 ± 0.02	3.8 ± 0.1	< 0.0001
%Energy from eating out	40.6 ± 0.6	46.6 ± 0.8	46.7 ± 2.8	< 0.0001	28.9 ± 0.4	35.8 ± 0.6	46.7 ± 2.3	< 0.0001
Practicing healthy diet				< 0.0001				< 0.0001
Yes	3,540 (51.4)2)	1,105 (35.9)	115 (42.3)		5,685 (64.1)	2,227 (52.7)	197 (52.0)
No	2,962 (48.6)	1,802 (64.1)	151 (57.6)		2,996 (35.9)	1,752 (47.3)	167 (48.0)

¹⁾ Continuous variables are presented as means ± standard errors

²⁾ Categorical variables are presented as frequencies (weighted %)

³⁾P-values based on analysis of variance for continuous variables and chi-square tests for categorical variables