Table 4.
Adjusted odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) of MetS and its associated components according to types of main meal skipped
Main meal frequency (meals/day) | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
3 | 2 | 1 | |||||
Breakfast, lunch, and dinner | Lunch and dinner | Breakfast and dinner | Breakfast and lunch | Breakfast | Lunch | Dinner | |
Men | |||||||
Cases(n)/Total(n) | 2,363/6,502 | 660/2,128 | 220/568 | 85/211 | 4/11 | 41/114 | 27/141 |
OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | |
MetS | 1.00 | 1.22 (1.04–1.43)1) | 0.98 (0.77–1.25) | 1.09 (0.73–1.63) | 4.61 (0.96–22.06) | 1.33 (0.72–2.46) | 0.82 (0.47–1.44) |
Abdominal obesity | 1.00 | 1.28 (1.05–1.56) | 1.11 (0.81–1.53) | 0.85 (0.49–1.47) | 0.72 (0.13–3.90) | 1.48 (0.78–2.79) | 1.32 (0.60–2.89) |
Elevated fasting blood glucose | 1.00 | 1.04 (0.91–1.19) | 0.91 (0.73–1.13) | 0.92 (0.65–1.29) | 4.74 (1.39–16.13) | 0.69 (0.40–1.20) | 1.54 (1.00–2.37) |
Elevated blood pressure | 1.00 | 1.05 (0.91–1.22) | 1.16 (0.92–1.45) | 1.04 (0.74–1.48) | 1.39 (0.36–5.29) | 0.84 (0.53–1.34) | 1.10 (0.70–1.73) |
Elevated triglyceride | 1.00 | 1.20 (1.05–1.36) | 0.99 (0.81–1.22) | 1.25 (0.89–1.76) | 2.37 (0.73–7.68) | 1.29 (0.81–2.04) | 0.90 (0.57–1.43) |
Reduced HDL-cholesterol | 1.00 | 1.01 (0.87–1.18) | 0.92 (0.74–1.15) | 0.81 (0.55–1.21) | 0.63 (0.13–3.00) | 1.02 (0.61–1.72) | 0.98 (0.57–1.67) |
Women | |||||||
Cases(n)/Total(n) | 2,941/8,681 | 520/2,441 | 313/930 | 190/608 | 12/34 | 29/188 | 22/142 |
OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | |
MetS | 1.00 | 1.13 (0.95–1.35) | 0.87 (0.69–1.09) | 0.89 (0.68–1.16) | 0.44 (0.18–1.07) | 0.69 (0.40–1.20) | 1.08 (0.59–1.99) |
Abdominal obesity | 1.00 | 0.99 (0.81–1.21) | 0.77 (0.58–1.01) | 0.91 (0.66–1.25) | 0.34 (0.06–2.05) | 0.63 (0.34–1.15) | 0.87 (0.45–1.67) |
Elevated fasting blood glucose | 1.00 | 1.18 (1.02–1.35) | 0.91 (0.74–1.12) | 0.74 (0.58–0.94) | 1.10 (0.37–3.22) | 1.02 (0.66–1.57) | 0.92 (0.55–1.52) |
Elevated blood pressure | 1.00 | 1.08 (0.92–1.26) | 1.14 (0.92–1.43) | 0.87 (0.67–1.12) | 1.37 (0.51–3.72) | 0.89 (0.53–1.49) | 0.65 (0.35–1.23) |
Elevated triglyceride | 1.00 | 1.19 (1.02–1.39) | 1.08 (0.86–1.34) | 1.01 (0.79–1.30) | 0.50 (0.20–1.26) | 0.95 (0.59–1.52) | 1.49 (0.90–2.47) |
Reduced HDL-cholesterol | 1.00 | 1.14 (1.00–1.29) | 0.85 (0.71–1.02) | 0.90 (0.72–1.12) | 0.45 (0.18–1.13) | 0.87 (0.59–1.29) | 1.11 (0.70–1.76) |
OR, odds ratio; CI, confidence interval; MetS, metabolic syndrome; HDL, high-density lipoprotein
1) Models were adjusted for age (years, continuous), educational level (elementary school, middle school, high school, or college), household income level (lower middle, middle, upper middle, or highest), occupation (yes or no), marriage (married or single), household type (single-person or multi-person), region (urban or rural) alcohol consumption (none, moderate, or high), smoking status (never, past, or current), regular physical activity (yes or no), total energy intake (kcal/day, continuous), and body mass index (kg/m2, continuous)