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. 2023 May 11;22:24. doi: 10.1186/s12937-023-00852-x

Table 4.

Adjusted odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) of MetS and its associated components according to types of main meal skipped

Main meal frequency (meals/day)
3 2 1
Breakfast, lunch, and dinner Lunch and dinner Breakfast and dinner Breakfast and lunch Breakfast Lunch Dinner
Men
 Cases(n)/Total(n) 2,363/6,502 660/2,128 220/568 85/211 4/11 41/114 27/141
OR (95% CI) OR (95% CI) OR (95% CI) OR (95% CI) OR (95% CI) OR (95% CI) OR (95% CI)
 MetS 1.00 1.22 (1.04–1.43)1) 0.98 (0.77–1.25) 1.09 (0.73–1.63) 4.61 (0.96–22.06) 1.33 (0.72–2.46) 0.82 (0.47–1.44)
 Abdominal obesity 1.00 1.28 (1.05–1.56) 1.11 (0.81–1.53) 0.85 (0.49–1.47) 0.72 (0.13–3.90) 1.48 (0.78–2.79) 1.32 (0.60–2.89)
 Elevated fasting blood glucose 1.00 1.04 (0.91–1.19) 0.91 (0.73–1.13) 0.92 (0.65–1.29) 4.74 (1.39–16.13) 0.69 (0.40–1.20) 1.54 (1.00–2.37)
 Elevated blood pressure 1.00 1.05 (0.91–1.22) 1.16 (0.92–1.45) 1.04 (0.74–1.48) 1.39 (0.36–5.29) 0.84 (0.53–1.34) 1.10 (0.70–1.73)
 Elevated triglyceride 1.00 1.20 (1.05–1.36) 0.99 (0.81–1.22) 1.25 (0.89–1.76) 2.37 (0.73–7.68) 1.29 (0.81–2.04) 0.90 (0.57–1.43)
 Reduced HDL-cholesterol 1.00 1.01 (0.87–1.18) 0.92 (0.74–1.15) 0.81 (0.55–1.21) 0.63 (0.13–3.00) 1.02 (0.61–1.72) 0.98 (0.57–1.67)
Women
 Cases(n)/Total(n) 2,941/8,681 520/2,441 313/930 190/608 12/34 29/188 22/142
OR (95% CI) OR (95% CI) OR (95% CI) OR (95% CI) OR (95% CI) OR (95% CI) OR (95% CI)
 MetS 1.00 1.13 (0.95–1.35) 0.87 (0.69–1.09) 0.89 (0.68–1.16) 0.44 (0.18–1.07) 0.69 (0.40–1.20) 1.08 (0.59–1.99)
 Abdominal obesity 1.00 0.99 (0.81–1.21) 0.77 (0.58–1.01) 0.91 (0.66–1.25) 0.34 (0.06–2.05) 0.63 (0.34–1.15) 0.87 (0.45–1.67)
 Elevated fasting blood glucose 1.00 1.18 (1.02–1.35) 0.91 (0.74–1.12) 0.74 (0.58–0.94) 1.10 (0.37–3.22) 1.02 (0.66–1.57) 0.92 (0.55–1.52)
 Elevated blood pressure 1.00 1.08 (0.92–1.26) 1.14 (0.92–1.43) 0.87 (0.67–1.12) 1.37 (0.51–3.72) 0.89 (0.53–1.49) 0.65 (0.35–1.23)
 Elevated triglyceride 1.00 1.19 (1.02–1.39) 1.08 (0.86–1.34) 1.01 (0.79–1.30) 0.50 (0.20–1.26) 0.95 (0.59–1.52) 1.49 (0.90–2.47)
 Reduced HDL-cholesterol 1.00 1.14 (1.00–1.29) 0.85 (0.71–1.02) 0.90 (0.72–1.12) 0.45 (0.18–1.13) 0.87 (0.59–1.29) 1.11 (0.70–1.76)

OR, odds ratio; CI, confidence interval; MetS, metabolic syndrome; HDL, high-density lipoprotein

1) Models were adjusted for age (years, continuous), educational level (elementary school, middle school, high school, or college), household income level (lower middle, middle, upper middle, or highest), occupation (yes or no), marriage (married or single), household type (single-person or multi-person), region (urban or rural) alcohol consumption (none, moderate, or high), smoking status (never, past, or current), regular physical activity (yes or no), total energy intake (kcal/day, continuous), and body mass index (kg/m2, continuous)