Table 28.

Overview of exposure and the dose ‐response for the different life stages of honey bees

Life stage	Category	Exposure			Hazard
		Route	Duration	Quantification and time scale	Dose–response
Adult	Forager	Contact	Acute	From contact exp. model; pesticide mass sticking on the forager after a single application	Determined experimentally from the acute contact test. If it cannot be derived, a worst‐case surrogate is used (see Chapter 6).
Adult	Forager	Dietary (oral)	Acute	Worst case between the two bee roles from dietary model; pesticide mass uptake per bee per day	Determined experimentally from the acute oral test. If it cannot be derived, a worst‐case surrogate is used (see Chapter 6).
Adult	In‐hive (nurse)
Adult	Forager	Dietary (oral)	Chronic	Worst case between the two bee roles from dietary model; average daily pesticide mass uptake per bee during: 10 days (standard chronic assessment) – 27 days, i.e. the average lifespan of honey bee workers (for substance with TRT properties)	Standard chronic assessment Determined experimentally from the chronic oral test. If it cannot be derived, a worst‐case surrogate is used (see Chapter 6). TRT assessment Determined via extrapolation from the chronic oral test.
Adult	In‐hive (nurse)
Larvae	General worker	Dietary (oral)	Chronic (prolonged)	From dietary model; average daily pesticide mass uptake per larvae during 5 days	Determined experimentally from the larvae prolonged test/repeated exposure. If it cannot be derived, a worst‐case surrogate is used (see Chapter 6).

^(a)When a substance has TRT properties, the risk should be evaluated for the entire honey bee lifespan for both the active (27 days) and the winter (182 days) period. Nevertheless, the winter scenario is a stand‐alone assessment, which does not follow all of the steps illustrated in this Chapter. See Section 8.2.2 for more details.