Table 28.
Life stage | Category | Exposure | Hazard | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Route | Duration | Quantification and time scale | Dose–response | ||
Adult | Forager | Contact | Acute |
From contact exp. model; pesticide mass sticking on the forager after a single application |
Determined experimentally from the acute contact test. If it cannot be derived, a worst‐case surrogate is used (see Chapter 6). |
Adult | Forager | Dietary (oral) | Acute |
Worst case between the two bee roles from dietary model; pesticide mass uptake per bee per day |
Determined experimentally from the acute oral test. If it cannot be derived, a worst‐case surrogate is used (see Chapter 6). |
Adult | In‐hive (nurse) | ||||
Adult | Forager | Dietary (oral) | Chronic |
Worst case between the two bee roles from dietary model; average daily pesticide mass uptake per bee during: 10 days (standard chronic assessment) – 27 days, i.e. the average lifespan of honey bee workers (for substance with TRT properties) |
Standard chronic assessment Determined experimentally from the chronic oral test. If it cannot be derived, a worst‐case surrogate is used (see Chapter 6). TRT assessment Determined via extrapolation from the chronic oral test. |
Adult | In‐hive (nurse) | ||||
Larvae | General worker | Dietary (oral) | Chronic (prolonged) |
From dietary model; average daily pesticide mass uptake per larvae during 5 days |
Determined experimentally from the larvae prolonged test/repeated exposure. If it cannot be derived, a worst‐case surrogate is used (see Chapter 6). |
When a substance has TRT properties, the risk should be evaluated for the entire honey bee lifespan for both the active (27 days) and the winter (182 days) period. Nevertheless, the winter scenario is a stand‐alone assessment, which does not follow all of the steps illustrated in this Chapter. See Section 8.2.2 for more details.