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. 2023 May 10;13(5):e068284. doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2022-068284

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© Author(s) (or their employer(s)) 2023. Re-use permitted under CC BY-NC. No commercial re-use. See rights and permissions. Published by BMJ.

This is an open access article distributed in accordance with the Creative Commons Attribution Non Commercial (CC BY-NC 4.0) license, which permits others to distribute, remix, adapt, build upon this work non-commercially, and license their derivative works on different terms, provided the original work is properly cited, appropriate credit is given, any changes made indicated, and the use is non-commercial. See: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/.

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Risk factors for EA using meta-analysis plot. The VAS score for postoperative pain (OR=2.497; 95% CI: 1.951 to 3.196), male sex (OR=3.391; 95% CI: 1.781 to 6.435), urinary catheter irritation (OR=7.847; 95% CI: 4.001 to 15.392), fasting times for solids (OR=1.703; 95% CI: 1.260 to 2.301) and fasting times for fluids (OR=1.728; 95% CI: 1.263 to 2.365) were the independent risk factors. EA, emergence agitation; VAS, Visual Analogue Scale.