Table 3.
Multivariable multilevel logistic regression analysis of the triple burden of malnutrition
| Variables | Categories | Null model | Model I AOR 95% CI | Model II AOR 95% CI | Model III AOR 95% CI |
| Age of mothers | 15–24 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
| 25–34 | 1.54 (1.46 to 1.63)† | — | 1.54 (1.45 to 1.63)† | ||
| ≥35 | 2.28 (2.11 to 2.47)† | — | 2.25 (2.08 to 2.44)† | ||
| Mothers education | No education | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
| Primary education | 1.04 (0.97 to 1.12) | — | 1.04 (0.97 to 1.12) | ||
| Secondary | 1.08 (1.01 to 1.15)* | — | 1.08 (1.02 top 1.15)* | ||
| Higher | 0.94 (0.86 to 1.02) | — | 0.94 (0.86 to 1.02) | ||
| Mothers marital status | Not in union | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
| Married | 0.83 (0.75 to 0.93)* | — | 0.87 (0.78 to 0.96)† | ||
| Currently breastfeeding | No | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
| Yes | 0.92 (0.87 to 0.97)* | — | 0.94 (0.89 to 0.99)* | ||
| Delivery by CS | No | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
| Yes | 1.94 (1.84 to 2.04)† | — | 1.93 (1.83 to 2.03)† | ||
| Family size | ≤5 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
| 6–10 | 1.00 (0.97 to 1.08) | — | 1.01 (0.98 to 1.08) | ||
| >10 | 1.14 (1.06 to 1.24)† | — | 1.17 (1.08 to 1.26)† | ||
| Wealth index | Poorest | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
| Poorer | 1.41 (1.31 to 1.52)† | — | 1.38 (1.28 to 1.49)† | ||
| Middle | 1.60 (1.48 to 1.73)† | — | 1.49 (1.38 to 1.62)† | ||
| Richer | 1.86 (1.72 to 2.02)† | — | 1.63 (1.49 to 1.76)† | ||
| Richest | 2.15 (1.97 to 2.35)† | — | 1.72 (1.56 to 1.88)† | ||
| Media access | No | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
| Yes | 1.01 (0.98 to 1.08) | — | 1.02 (0.99 to 1.11) | ||
| Parity | Primiparous | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
| Multiparous | 1.42 (1.34 to 1.50)† | — | 1.42 (1.34 to 1.49)† | ||
| Grand multiparous | 1.61 (1.44 to 1.79)† | — | 1.62 (1.46 to 1.81)† | ||
| Age of child | ≤12 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
| 13–23 | 1.41 (1.32 to 1.50)† | — | 1.41 (1.32 to 1.50)† | ||
| 24–35 | 1.62 (1.52 to 1.73)† | — | 1.63 (1.53 to 1.74)† | ||
| 36–47 | 1.75 (1.62 to 1.89)† | — | 1.77 (1.64 to 1.90)† | ||
| 48–59 | 1.50 (1.38 to 1.62)† | — | 1.51 (1.39 to 1.64)† | ||
| Sex of child | Male | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
| Female | 0.88 (0.84 to 0.92)† | — | 0.88 (0.84 to 0.92)† | ||
| Type of toilet facility | Unimproved | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
| Improved | 0.24 (0.18 to 1.31) | — | 0.23 (0.17 to 0.29)† | ||
| Source of drinking water | Unimproved | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
| Improved | 0.21 (0.16 to 0.28) | — | 0.28 (0.21 to 0.35)† | ||
| Community-level variables | |||||
| Residence | Urban | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
| Rural | — | 0.49 (0.46 to 0.52)† | 0.66 (0.62 to 0.69)† | ||
| Distance to a health facility | No problem | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
| Big problem | — | 0.87 (0.82 to 0.91)† | 0.94 (0.89 to 0.98)† | ||
| Random effect | |||||
| Variance | 1.40 | 1.24 | 1.31 | 1.23 | |
| ICC | 0.30 | 0.27 | 0.28 | 0.27 | |
| MOR | 3.04 | 2.88 | 2.96 | 2.85 | |
| PCV | Reff | 11.42 | 6.43 | 12.14 | |
| Model comparison | |||||
| Log likelihood ratio | −100 585 | −92 108 | −97 815 | −91 665 | |
| Deviance | 201 170 | 184 216 | 195 630 | 183 330 | |
*p<0.05.
†p<0.01.
AOR, adjusted OR; CS, caesarean section; ICC, intraclass correlation coefficient; MOR, median OR; PCV, proportional change in variance.