TABLE 2.
Existing anticancer signaling and immune checkpoint inhibitory molecules in clinical trials.
| Treatment | Drugs/regimen | Condition or disease | Target | Clinical Trial No. | Phase |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Chemotherapy | Leflunomide | smoldering multiple myeloma | Dihydroorotate dehydrogenase | NCT05014646 | Phase 2 |
| Pemetrexed | Non‐Small Cell Lung Cancer | Glycinamide ribonucleotide formyltransferase | NCT00102804 | Phase 3 | |
| Metformin Hydrochloride | HER2‐positive breast cancer | MAP kinase, Akt, mTOR | NCT03238495 | Phase 2 | |
| AZD3965 | Burkitt Lymphoma, Diffuse Large B Cell Lymphoma, Adult Solid Tumor | Monocarboxylate transporter 1 | NCT01791595 | Phase 1 | |
| L‐asparaginase | Pancreatic Adenocarcinoma Metastatic | Asparagine synthetase | NCT02195180 | Phase 2 | |
| Methotrexate | primary CNS lymphoma | Dihydrofolate reductase | NCT04609046 | Phase 1 | |
| 5‐Fluorouracil | Metastatic Pancreatic Cancer | Thymidylate synthase | NCT02620800 | Phase 1 | |
| Hydroxyurea | Leukemia | Ribonucleotide reductase | NCT05005182 | Phase 2 | |
| 6‐Mercaptopurine | Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia | Phosphoribosyl pyrophosphate amidotransferase | NCT01503632 | Phase 3 | |
| Enasidenib/AG‐221 | Hematologic Neoplasms | Isocitrate dehydrogenase 2 | NCT01915498 | Phase 1/2 | |
| CB‐839 | Non‐Small Cell Lung Cancer | Glutaminase | NCT04250545 | Phase 1 | |
| Immunotherapy | Pembrolizumab | Colorectal cancer | PD‐1 | NCT02563002 | Phase 3 |
| Nivolumab | Melanoma | PD‐1/PD‐L1 | NCT01721772 | Phase 3 | |
| Cemiplimab | NSCLC | PD‐1/PD‐L1 | NCT03088540 | Phase 3 | |
| Nivolumab, Ipilimumab combined with chemotherapy | NSCLC | PD‐L1 | NCT03215706 | Phase 3 | |
| TSR‐022+Nivolumab combined with chemotherapy | Advanced solid tumors | TIM‐3/PD‐1 | NCT02817633 | Phase 1 | |
| Atezolizumab + Carboplatin + Etoposide | SCLC | PD‐L1 | NCT02763579 | Phase 3 | |
| Varlilumab and nivolumab | Recurrent glioblastoma | Anti‐CD27 and anti‐PD‐1 | NCT02335918 | Phase 1/2 | |
| Atezolizumab combination Nab‐Paclitaxel | Breast cancer | PD‐L1 | NCT02425891 | Phase 3 | |
| Pembrolizumab and vorinostat combined with temozolomide | New diagnosis GBM | PD‐L1 | NCT03426891 | Phase 1 | |
| Pembrolizumab and Bevacizumab | Recurrent glioblastoma | PD‐1 and VEGF | NCT02337491 | Phase 2 | |
| Tremelimumab and durvalumab in combination or alone | Malignant Glioma, Recurrent Glioblastoma | CTLA4 and PDL1 | NCT02794883 | Phase 2 | |
| Nivolumab and ipilimumab | Mesothelioma | PD‐L1 | NCT02899299 | Phase 3 | |
| Atezolizumab + Bevacizumab | Hepatocellular Carcinoma | PD‐L1 | NCT03434379 | Phase 3 | |
| ICT‐121 DC vaccine | Recurrent gliomas | Dendritic cell Vaccine | NCT02049489 | Phase 1 | |
| MBG453 | Hematologic malignancy | TIM‐3 | NCT03066648 | Phase 1 | |
| LY3321367 | Advanced solid tumors | TIM‐3 | NCT03099109 | Phase 1 | |
| TTF(Optune), Nivolumab Plus/Minus Ipilimumab | Recurrent glioblastoma | PD‐1/PD‐L1 | NCT03430791 | Phase 2 | |
| Atezolizumab combination with Cobimetinib + Vemurafenib | Melanoma | PD‐L1/BRAF kinase | NCT02908672 | Phase 3 | |
| Nivolumab | Recurrent or progressive IDH‐mutant gliomas | PD‐1/PD‐L1 | NCT03557359 | Phase 2 | |
| IMP321 (anti‐LAG‐3) + Pembrolizumab | Melanoma | LAG‐3/PD‐1 | NCT02676869 | Phase 1 | |
| IMP321 (anti‐LAG‐3) + Paclitaxel | Breast cancer | LAG‐3/PD‐1 | NCT02614833 | Phase 2 | |
| BMS‐986016 + Nivolumab | Melanoma | LAG‐3/PD‐1 | NCT05002569 | Phase 3 | |
| Favezelimab/Pembrolizumab | Colorectal cancer | LAG‐3/PD‐1 | NCT05064059 | Phase 3 |