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. 2023 Apr 27;17:1156453. doi: 10.3389/fnins.2023.1156453

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Copyright © 2023 Zhang, Wu, Liu, Huang, Zhou and Liang.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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The probiotics administration for surgery/anesthesia stress-induced and perioperative cefazolin-induced gut dysbacteria, and cognitive dysfunction, respectively. (A,B) Probiotics improved context-related (q = 5.58, p = 0.0024) but not cue tone-related (q = 3.597, p = 0.099) freezing behavior decreased by surgery/anesthesia stress at 1 week (n = 10, ANOVA with Tukey’s multiple comparisons test). (C,D) Surgery + cefazolin group showed a decreasing context-related (q = 6.984, p = 0.0001) and cue tone-related (q = 5.406, p = 0.0035) freezing behavior compared with the control group at 3 weeks; probiotics could improve these context-related (q = 4.224, p = 0.035) and cue tone-related (q = 4.024, p = 0.0495) freezing behavior (n = 10, ANOVA with Tukey’s multiple comparisons test). (E,F) ELISA: probiotics inhibited the increasing IL-1β (q = 5.183, p = 0.0078) in the colon at 1 week caused by surgery; probiotics inhibited the increasing IL-1β (q = 6.238, p = 0.0006) and IL-18 (q = 4.601, p = 0.0219) in the colon at 3 weeks after surgery compared with surgery + cefazolin group (n = 10, ANOVA with Tukey’s multiple comparisons test). (G,H) ELISA: probiotics inhibited the increasing IL-1β (q = 5.183, p = 0.0078) in the hippocampus at 1 week caused by surgery; probiotics inhibited the increasing IL-1β (q = 6.653, p = 0.0002) in the hippocampus at 3 weeks after surgery compared with surgery + cefazolin group (n = 10, ANOVA with Tukey’s multiple comparisons test). (I,J) Probiotics could reverse the increasing relative abundance of gram-positive bacteria (q = 0.0083, p = 0.0028) and decreasing gram-negative bacteria (q = 0.0083, p = 0.0028) caused by surgery at 1 week, but not surgery + cefazolin; probiotics could reverse the increasing relative abundance of gram-positive bacteria (q = 0.0055, p = 0.0018) and decreasing gram-negative bacteria (q = 0.0055, p = 0.0018) caused by surgery + cefazolin at 3 weeks (n = 9, KW rank sum test with Wilcoxon rank sum test). Grp, group; CTL, control; S, surgery; SC, surgery combined with cefazolin; SP, surgery combined with probiotics; SCP, surgery combined with cefazolin and probiotics; G⁺, gram-positive bacteria; G⁻, gram-negative bacteria. ^*Compared with Grp CTL, p < 0.05; ^#compared with Grp S, p < 0.05; ^&compared with Grp SC, p < 0.05; ^{^}compared with 3 weeks, p < 0.05.