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. 2023 Apr 27;17:1156453. doi: 10.3389/fnins.2023.1156453

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Copyright © 2023 Zhang, Wu, Liu, Huang, Zhou and Liang.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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The probiotics administration for surgery/anesthesia stress-induced and perioperative cefazolin-induced inflammatory response and barrier permeability, respectively. (A,E) PCR: Surgery/anesthesia stress decreased the level of ZO-1 in the colon (q = 11.99, p < 0.0001) and hippocampus (q = 5.474, p = 0.0057) at 1 week, while probiotics could recover these decreases (ZO-1 in the hippocampus, q = 4.521, p = 0.0281; ZO-1 in the colon, q = 8.955, p < 0.0001); at 3 weeks after surgery, surgery + cefazolin group showed a decreasing level of ZO-1 in the colon (q = 5.874, p = 0.0028) and hippocampus (q = 7.139, p = 0.0003), while probiotics could increase these decreases of ZO-1 in the colon (q = 5.156, p = 0.0098) and hippocampus (q = 7.391, p = 0.0002; n = 6, ANOVA with Tukey’s multiple comparisons test). (B–D) PCR: Surgery/anesthesia stress increased the level of NLRP3 (q = 6.262, p = 0.0014), IL-1β (q = 5.299, p = 0.0077), IL-18 (q = 4.343, p = 0.0372) in the colon at 1 week, while probiotics could recover some decreases (NLRP3, q = 5.434, p = 0.0061; IL-1β, q = 4.389, p = 0.0346); at 3 weeks after surgery, surgery + cefazolin group showed an increasing level of NLRP3 (q = 14.83, p < 0.0001), IL-1β (q = 10.37, p < 0.0001), IL-18 (q = 6.934, p = 0.0004) in the colon, while probiotics could decrease these increases (NLRP3, q = 11.87, p < 0.0001; IL-1β, q = 7.807, p < 0.0001; IL-18, q = 6.224, p = 0.0015; n = 6, ANOVA with Tukey’s multiple comparisons test). (E–H) PCR: Surgery/anesthesia stress increased the level of NLRP3(q = 7.443, p = 0.0002), IL-1β (q = 6.187, p = 0.0016), IL-18 (q = 18.49, p < 0.0001) in the hippocampus at 1 week, while probiotics could recover some decreases (NLRP3, q = 6.557, p = 0.0008; IL-1β, q = 6.060, p = 0.002; IL-18, q = 15.65, p < 0.0001); at 3 weeks after surgery, surgery + cefazolin group showed an increasing level of NLRP3 (q = 11.83, p < 0.0001), IL-1β (q = 12.87, p < 0.0001), IL-18 (q = 9.592, p < 0.0001) in the hippocampus, while probiotics could decrease these increases (NLRP3, q = 9.682, p < 0.0001; IL-1β, q = 9.878, p < 0.0001; IL-18, q = 8.299, p < 0.0001; n = 6, ANOVA with Tukey’s multiple comparisons test). ^*Compared with Grp CTL, p < 0.05; ^#compared with Grp S, p < 0.05; ^&compared with Grp SC, p < 0.05; ^{^}compared with 3 weeks, p < 0.05.