Table 2.
Selected examples of ACCD synthesizing PGPR strains in alleviation of abiotic and biotic stress.
| S. No. | ACC deaminase producing PGPR | Source | Used against/host plant | Stress | Application response | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Salinity stress | ||||||
| 1 | Bacillus mycoides PM-35 | Rhizosphere soil | Zea mays (L.) | – | Enhanced chlorophyll, soluble sugar and protein content and capacity to scavenge radical ions | Ali et al. (2022a) |
| 2 | Enterobacter cloacae ZNP-4 | Ziziphus nummularia | T. aestivum (L.) | – | Increased growth parameters like shoot (41%) and root length (31%), fresh plant weight (28%), dry biomass (29%) and leaf chlorophyll | Singh et al. (2022) |
| 3 | Enterobacter cloacae PM23 | Rhizosphere soil | Zea mays (L.) | – | Enhanced the power of radical scavenging, relative water content (RWC), soluble sugars, proteins, phenolic content, total flavonoid content in salt-treated Z. mays plants | Ali et al. (2022b) |
| 4 | Bacillus marisflavi CHR JH 203 and Bacillus cereus (BST YS1-42) | Leguminous crop | Pisum sativum (L.) | – | Increased dry biomass, biochemical constituents (carbohydrates, protein, reducing soluble sugars, leaf chlorophyll, phenolics and flavonoids) | Gupta et al. (2021) |
| 5 | Glutamicibacter sp. YD01 | Rhizosphere of Oryza sativa | Oryza sativa (L.) | – | Decreased levels of Na+ ion buildup and, electrolyte leakage; improved plant development | Ji et al. (2020) |
| 6 | Bacillus aryabhattai EWR29 | Wheat rhizosphere soil | T. aestivum (L.) | – | Mitigated the negative impact of NaCl, significantly enhanced growth, and reduced proline content | Farahat et al. (2020) |
| 7 | Paenibacillus sp. ACC-06 and Aneurinibacillusaneurinilyticus ACC-02 | Allium sativum (L.) rhizosphere soil | Phaseolus vulgaris (L.) | – | Negatively affected NaCl-induced pressure and enhanced biological properties (length, fresh weight, biomass) and photosynthetic capability of plant | Gupta and Pandey (2019) |
| 8 | Serratia grimesii BXF1 | Rhizosphere soil | Phaseolus vulgaris (L.) | – | Promoted formation of early root nodules and growth; improved the symbiotic attributes of plants | Tavares et al. (2018) |
| 9 | Bacillus, Acinetobacter and Enterobacter | Soil | Medicago sativa (L.) | – | Height, leaf-to-stem ratio, fresh weight, dry biomass, pigments used for photosynthetic energy, nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium content all increased in the plants. | Daur et al. (2018) |
| 10 | Enterobacter sp. | Soil | Oryza sativa (L.) | – | Lowered antioxidative enzymatic responses and NaCl-induced ethylene in bacteria-treated plants; improved plant yield and productivity | Sarkar et al. (2018a,b) |
| 11 | Klebsiella sp. | Rhizosphere of T. aestivum | Avena sativa (L.) | – | Reduced salt stress and boosted plant development in salt-stressed soil. Expression profiles of the rbcL and WRKY1 genes were positively regulated | Sapre et al. (2018a,b) |
| 12 | Pseudomonas sp., Bacillus cereus and Bacillus sp. | Brassica napus rhizosphere | Festuca rubra and Brassica napus (L.) | – | Potentially ameliorated the salinity and enhanced the physiological and biochemical traits of plants | Grobelak et al. (2018) |
| 13 | Bacillus cereus LB1 and Bacillus aerius SB1 | Rhizosphere soil | Carthamus tinctorus | – | Mitigated toxicity of NaCl and promoted vegetative growth of plant | Hemida and Reyad (2018) |
| 14 | Pseudomonas frederiksbergensis | Soil | Capsicum annum (L.) | – | Increased resistance of plants to NaCl stress observed in bacterial treated plants, as evidenced by increased antioxidant enzymatic activity responsiveness in leaf tissue and lowered hydrogen ion concentrations | Chatterjee et al. (2017) |
| 15 | Bacillus licheniformis HSW-16 | Rhizosphere of T. aestivum | Triticum aestivum (L.) | – | ACCD-positive PGPR strain positively influenced plant growth by relieving toxic effect of salts | Singh and Jha (2016) |
| 16 | Paenibacilluslentimorbus B-30488 | Rhizosphere soil | Lycopersicon esculentum | – | Suppressed growth of phytopathogens and inhibited southern blight disease in tomato; improved overall plant growth | Dixit et al. (2016) |
| 17 | Dietzianatronolimnaea | Rhizosphere soil | Triticum aestivum (L.) | – | Halotolerant PGPR strain increased different antioxidant defensive enzymes and stressor metabolites thus improving salt tolerance ability of plant | Bharti et al. (2016) |
| 18 | Pseudomonas putida | Desert regions of Rajasthan | C. arietinum (L.) | – | Relieved salt-induced toxicity and modulated the growth, physiology, biochemical properties and expression of various stress-related genes | Tiwari et al. (2016) |
| 19 | Variovorax paradoxus 5C-2 | Soil | Pisum sativum (L.) | – | Loweredthe proline and MDA content and antioxidant enzymes and enhanced the plant growth | Wang C. et al. (2016), Wang P. et al. (2016), and Wang Q. et al. (2016) |
| 20 | Pseudomonas sp. ST3 | Root nodule of Vigna unguiculata | Vigna unguiculata (L.) | – | Improved the plant water-relation status, ionic balance, biological attributes, and photosynthetic machinery of peas by relieving the NaCl-induced toxic effect | Trung et al. (2016) |
| 21 | Bacillus sp., Zhihengliuellahalotolerans and Staphylococcus succinus | Root nodule of T. aestivum | Triticum estivum (L.) | – | Improved ion balance, nutritional content and homeostasis | Orhan (2016) |
| 22 | Variovorax paradoxus 5C-2 | Root nodule of P. sativum | P. sativum (L.) | – | Water uptake, ionic homeostasis, overall growth, dry phyto-mass accumulation, leaf chlorophyll and grain yield of pea plants significantly improved | Wang C. et al. (2016), Wang P. et al. (2016), and Wang Q. et al. (2016) |
| 23 | Pseudomonas stutzeri A1501 | Rhizosphere of O. sativa | Oryza sativa (L.) | – | Restricted level of salts and improved the development and yield features of plant | Han et al. (2015) |
| 24 | Pseudomonas fluorescens YsS6 | Soil | Lycopersicum esculentum (L.) | – | Augmented seedling germination, vigor index (SVI), plant length (root and shoot) and plant dry biomass | Ali et al. (2014) |
| 25 | Bacillus flexus, Isoptericola dokdonensis and Arthrobacter soli | Inner tissues of Limonium sinense | L. sinense (L.) | – | Protected against salinity effects; increased the flavenoid accumulation | Qin et al. (2014) |
| 26 | Rhizobium leguminosarum | Pea root nodule | P. sativum (L.) | – | Augmented lengths of shoots and roots, dry biomass, chlorophyll synthesis, LHb content and nutrient uptake of plants | Ahmad et al. (2013) |
| 27 | Pseudomonas putida UW4 | Soil | Lycopersicum esculentum (L.) | – | Increased expression of mRNA in different ROS-scavenging enzymes and stressor metabolites, i.e., proline | Yan et al. (2013) |
| Drought stress | ||||||
| 28 | Bacillus megaterium (MU2) | Maize rhizosphere soil | T. aestivum (L.) | – | Potentially increased germination indices, vigor indices (SVI), plant fresh weight and dry biomass | Rashid et al. (2022) |
| 29 | Pseudomonas sp. | Rhizosphere soil of cereal crop | Arabidopsis thaliana (L.) | – | Increased plant survival, LRWC, chlorophyll, glycine betaine, stressor proline, and malondialdehyde content in drought-induced A. thaliana plants by 95, 59, 30, 38, 23, and 43%, respectively | Yasmin et al. (2022) |
| 30 | Serratia marcescens and Pseudomonas sp. | Rhizosphere of cereal crops | T. aestivum (L.) | – | Both strains potentially improved ROS, water status, osmolyte accumulation, chlorophyll and carotenoids content in plant leaves | Khan and Singh (2021) |
| 31 | Enterobacter cloacae 2WC2 | Withaniacoagulans plant | Zea mays (L.) | – | Morpho-biological parameters, RWC and antioxidant defence enzymes of PEG-treated plants increased following application of E. cloacae strain 2WC2 | Maqbool et al. (2021) |
| 32 | Bacillus velezensis strain D3 | Rhizosphere soil of rain-fed area | – | Photosynthetic capacity, stomatal conductance, vapor pressure, water-use efficiency, and transpiration rate all improved | Nadeem et al. (2021) | |
| 33 | Enterobacter HS9 and Bacillus G9 | Soil | Mucuna pruriens (L.) | – | Improved water uptake, rate of respiration and synthesis of chlorophyll | Saleem et al. (2018) |
| 34 | Ochrobactrumpseudogrignonense RJ12, Pseudomonas sp. RJ-15 and Bacillus subtilis RJ-46 | Drought-affected rhizosphere soils | Vigna mungo and P. sativum (L.) | – | Germination attributes, plant length (root and shoot) and dry biomass enhanced | Saikia et al. (2018) |
| 35 | Mitsuaria sp. and Burkholderia | Arabidopsis thaliana | A. thaliana and Zea mays (L.) | – | Lowered evapotranspiration; altered proline, MDA, and levels of plant hormones. | Huang et al. (2017) |
| 36 | Bacillus pumilus and Bacillus firmus | Rhizosphere of Solanum tuberosum | S. tuberosum (L.) | – | Enhanced proline content in tubers; greater mRNA expression levels of several ROS scavenging enzymes responsible for increased plant tolerance to salt and drought stress. | Gururani et al. (2013) |
| 37 | Bacillus cereus AR156, Bacillus subtilis SM21 and Serratia sp. XY21 | Soil | Cucumis sativus (L.) | – | Root:shoot ratio and vegetative growth increased | Wang et al. (2012) |
| 38 | Pseudomonas fluorescens ACC-5 | Nodule | Pisum sativum (L.) | – | Increased water uptake by plants | Zahir et al. (2008) |
| 39 | Pseudomonas sp. | Drought-stressed soil | Pisum sativum (L.) | – | Increased plant height, leaf-to-stem ratio, fresh plant weight, dry biomass, chlorophyll a, b, and total chlorophyll; increased N, P, and K contents. | Arshad et al. (2008) |
| Heavy metal stress | ||||||
| 40 | Bacillus gibsonii (PM11) and Bacillus xiamenensis (PM14) | Industrially polluted rhizosphere | Linumusitatissimum (L.) | – | Incresed fresh and dry biomass, chlorophyll content, proline concentration, and antioxidant enzymatic activity of plants | Zainab et al. (2020) |
| 41 | Agrobacterium fabrum and Leclercia adecarboxylata | Metal-contaminated rhizosphere | Zea mays (L.) | – | Potentially alleviated Cr toxicity and improved the overall growth of plants by reducing metal uptake | Danish et al. (2019) |
| 42 | Rhizobium leguminosarum bv. viciae 1066S | Metal-contaminated rhizosphere | Pisum sativum (L.) | – | Increased shoot biomass, nodulation, nitrogen fixation, water usage efficiency (WUE), and nutritional mineral uptake | Belimov et al. (2019) |
| 43 | Agrobacterium fabrum (CdtS5) and Stenotrophomonas maltophilia (CdtS7) | Cd-contaminated wheat rhizophere | Tritium estivum (L.) | Cd | Alleviated Cd toxicity and lowered uptake of Cd; improved growth, chlorophyll content and yield attributes of wheat | Zafar-Ul-Hye et al. (2018) |
| 44 | Combination of Pseudomonas sp., Bacillus cereus and Bacillus sp. | Rhizosphere soil | Festuca rubra and Brassica napus (L.) | Heavy metals | Sequestered the metal, reduced proline, MDA and antioxidant enzymes, reduced metal levels within the plant | Grobelak et al. (2018) |
| 45 | Azotobacter chroococcum | Metal-contaminated rhizosphere | Zea mays (L.) | Heavy metals | Detoxified the metals and increased biological and physiological parameters of the plant | Rizvi and Khan (2018) |
| 46 | Pseudomonas aeruginosa | Metal-polluted soil | C. arietinum (L.) | Heavy metals | Enhanced root length, shoot length, biomass, chlorophyll formation, nodulation, symbiotic attributes and seed yield of plant | Saif and Khan (2018) |
| 47 | Enterobacter aerogenes MCC 3092 | Rhizosphere of Oryza sativa | Oryza sativa (L.) | Cd | Alleviated phytotoxicity of Cd, reduced level of ethylene, antioxidant enzymes (CAT, SOD, POD), increased growth and chlorophyll content of plants | Pramanik et al. (2018) |
| 48 | Enterobacter ludwigii (HG 2) and Klebsiella pneumonia | Alternanthera sessilis and Cyperus esculentus rhizosphere | T. aestivum (L.) | Cr | Much improved growth promotion of wheat seedlings. | Gontia-Mishra et al. (2016) |
| 49 | Enterobacter sp., Serratia sp. and Klebsiella sp. | Rhizospheres of plants growing in mining waste | Helianthus annuus (L.) | Pb | Lowered toxicity of Cd, promoted growth features of plants | Carlos et al. (2016) |
| 50 | Pseudomonas fluorescens and Bacillus thuringiensis | Rhizosphere of Zea mays | T. aestivum (L.) | Cr | Improved plant growth and decreased Cr accumulation in roots and shoots | Shahzadi et al. (2013) |
| 51 | Pseudomonas stutzeri A1501 | – | Oryza sativa (L.) | Ni | increased metal tolerance of plants | Han et al. (2015) |
| 52 | Azotobacter sp. | Metal-contaminated rhizosphere | Zea mays (L.) | Pb | Lowered Pb toxicity and enhanced plant biometric parameters, biomass production, chlorophyll a and b and carotenoids, protein, proline, glutathione S-transferase and enzymes of POD and CAT | Hassan et al. (2014) |
| 53 | Ochrobactrum sp. and Bacillus spp. | Slag disposal site | Oryza sativa (L.) | Heavy metals | Mitigated toxicity of heavy metals, reduced ethylene level and enhanced overall growth of plants | Pandey et al. (2013) |
| Organic pollutant stress | ||||||
| 54 | Burkholderia sp. | Soil | Assorted vegetables | Organic pollutant | Lowered phenol toxicity, thus increasing overall functioning of plants | Chen et al. (2017) |
| 55 | Enterobacter intermedius, Bacillus circulans and Serratia carnosus | Z. mays and per nigrum Rhizosphere soil | Z. mays (L.) | Organic pollutant | Improvement in vegetative development of plant was quite noticeable | Ajuzieogu et al. (2015) |
| 56 | Pseudomonas aeruginosa SLC-2and Serratia marcescens BC-3 | Contaminated soil | Avena sativa (L.) | Organic pollutant | Degraded/detoxified the pollutant and improved biological properties and yield of plants even in petroleum-contaminated soil | Liu et al. (2015) |
| 57 | Acinetobacter sp. | Ployscyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAHs)-contaminated soil | A. sativa (L.) | Organic pollutant | DegradedPAHs and hydrocarbons; decreased level of MDA, free proline content and ROS-scavenging enzymes; increased overall performance of plants | Xun et al. (2015) |
| 58 | Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Serratia marcescens | Rhizosphere of Echinochloa | A. Sativa (L.) | Organic pollutant | A pronounced increase in A. sativa plants | Liu et al. (2015) |
| Agrochemicals stress | ||||||
| 59 | Burkholderiacepacia | Cabbage rhizosphere | C. arietinum (L.) | Pesticide | Alleviated toxicity of glyphosate; enhanced overall plant growth and performance | Shahid and Khan (2018) |
| 60 | Rhizobium leguminosarum | Root nodules of pea | P. sativum (L.) | Pesticide | Improved length, biomass, symbiotic features, nutrient uptake and seed attributes of plants under kitazin stress | Shahid et al. (2019a,b) |
| Biotic stress | ||||||
| 61 | Pseudomonas putida | Withaniasomnifera rhizosphere soil | Papaver somniferum (L.) | Peronospora sp. causing downy mildew disease | Biochemical and physiological (stomatal behavior and rate of transpiration) parameters significantly increased | Barnawal et al. (2017) |
| 62 | Bacillus xiamenensis PM14 | Sugarcane rhizosphere | Saccharum officinarum L. | Colletotrichum falcatum causing red rot disease | Potentially suppressed symptoms of disease, enhanced plant growth, enhanced production of defensive enzymes and content of proline | Xia et al. (2020) |
| 63 | Pseudomonas sp. strain S3 | rhizospheric soil of turmeric (Curcuma longa) | Solanum lycopersicum (L.) | Rhizoctonia solani | Improved morphological features, photosynthetic attributes and osmolytes in plants | Pandey and Gupta (2020) |
| 64 | Paenibacilluslentimorbus B-30488 | rhizospheric soil of tomato | Solanum lycopersicum (L.) | Scelerotiumrolfsii causing southern blight diseases | Controlled the disease, increased defense enzymes and improved plant growth attributes | Dixit et al. (2016) |
| 65 | Delftiatsuruhatensis WGR–UOM–BT1 | Rauwolfia serpentina Rhizosphere | Solanum lycopersicum (L.) | Fusarium oxysporum | Protected plant from fungal disease; significantly improved characteristic growth features of tomato | Prasannakumar et al. (2015) |