Table 3.
Potential effects of A graveolense in treatment of CHF.
| Study | Therapeutic component | Dose/active constitute/extract | Type of study | Major findings/mechanism |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Zhang et al[94] | Vasodilator | Apigenin | In vitro rat aortic rings | Relaxed endothelium-intact aortic rings by influx and release of Ca+,2 NO and cGMP |
| Tashakori-sabzevar et al[95] | Vasodilator | Hexanic celery seed extract (2.5-12.5 mg/kg) | In vivo rats | Ca+2 channel blocking activity in endothelial and non-endothelial pathways |
| Ko et al[46] | Vasodilator | Apigenin | In vitro rat aortic rings | Inhibited the contraction of aortic rings by suppressing the Ca+2 influx through both voltage- and receptor-operated calcium channels |
| Jorge et al[96] | Vasodilator | Dichloromethane and ethyl acetate extracts | In vitro rat aortic rings | Made relaxation by calcium antagonism effect |
| Niazmand et al[97] | Vasodilator | Hydroalcoholic extract of seed | In vitro rat isolated aorta | Vascular smooth muscle relaxation by inhibition of voltage- and receptor-dependent Ca+2 channels |
| Ahmed et al[98] | Vasodilator | Petroleum ether extract of seeds | In vitro guinea pig’s ileum | Antispasmodic effects by inhibiting histamine induced contraction |
| Tashakori-sabzevar et al[95] | Antihypertensive | Hexanic celery seed extract (2.5–12.5 mg/kg) | Rats | Decreased the systolic, diastolic, mean arterial blood pressure and heart rate in normotensive and hypertensive rats |
| Dianat et al[100] | Antihypertensive | Hydro-alcoholic celery leaf extract | In vivo fructose-induced hypertension rats | Reduced SBP, cholesterol, triglyceride, LDL and VLDL |
| Chai et al[101] | Antihypertensive | Root extract | In vivo renal hypertension two-kidney one clip (2K1C) rats | Increased SOD activity, lower MDA content, decreased angiotensin levels |
| Brancovic et al[99] | Antihypertensive | Aqueous and ethanol extracts of celery | In vivo rabbits | Lowered the mean blood pressure (ethanolic extract more than aqueous extract) |
| Gharouni et al[90] | Antihypertensive | 6 g powder of seeds | Before-after clinical trial | Significant decrease in BP from baseline in 37 hypertensive patients |
| Supari[102] | Antihypertensive | Celery plus another herbal medicine for 12 wk | Double blind randomized clinical trial patients with mild to moderate hypertension | Lowered systolic and diastolic blood pressure equivalent amlodipine with no side effect |
cGMP = cyclic guanosine monophosphate, CHF = chronic heart failure, LDL = Low-density lipoprotein, SBP = systolic blood pressure, SOD = superoxide dismutase, VLDL = very low-density lipoprotein.