Table 4.

Potential effects of P harmala in treatment of CHF.

Study	Therapeutic component	Dose/active constitute/extract	Type of study	Major findings/mechanism
Berrougui et al[108]	Vasodilator	Harmaline	In vitro rat aorta	Vasorelaxant effect mediated by prostacyclin pathway and on the endothelial cells to release
Shi et al[112]	Vasodilator	Harmine, harmaline, harmalol	In vitro isolated rat thoracic aorta	Vasorelaxant activities harmine > harmaline > harmalol not endothelium-dependent related to NO release and interaction with cardiac alpha1-adrenoceptors
Astulla et al [113]	Vasodilator	Vasicinone [3]	In vitro isolated rat aorta	Vasodilator effect
Karaki et al[116]	Vasodilator	Harmaline	In vitro smooth muscle of rabbit aorta and intestinal smooth muscle of tenia isolated from guinea-pig cecum	Inhibited the sustained contraction induced by K + and inhibited the sustained contraction induced by noradrenaline inhibit different type of Ca+2 channel
Al-Saikhan & Ansari[118]	Diuretic	Methanolic extract of P harmala 150, 300 and 450 mg/kg	In vivo Wistar albino rats	Significantly increase urine output and urinary electrolyte excretion dose dependently
Aarons et al[119]	Inotropic	Harmine harmaline, and harmalol	In vivo dogs In vitro isolated perfused rat heart	Lowered heart rate increased pulse pressure, peak aortic flow, and myocardial contractile force
Iven et al[120]	Inotropic	Quinidine and harmine	In vitro isolated guinea-pig atria	Prolong repolarization time dose-dependently
Farrokhfal et al[114]	Antihypertensive	Aqueous extract of P harmala	In vitro isolated rat thoracic aorta rings	Significantly decreased systolic blood pressure
Gilani et al[121]	Antihypertensive	Harmalol	In vivo normotensive anaesthetized rats	Dose-dependent fall in blood pressure and heart rate

CHF = chronic heart failure.