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. 2023 May 11;18(5):e0285570. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0285570

Table 1. Baseline characteristics of participants, household and selected adversity factors in the sample.

Child characteristics All (N = 80)
Female, N (%) 39 (49%)
Age, yrs; mean (SD) 7.6 (0.2)
HAZ; mean (SD) -0.63 (0.8)
Stunted (HAZ<-2), N (%) 2 (3%)
WAZ; mean (SD) -0.55 (0.8)
Underweight (WAZ <-2), N (%) 3 (4%)
BMI-Z score, mean (SD) -0.27 (0.9)
Enrolled in school, N (%) 15 (19%)
Reported schooling at home, N (%) 33 (41%)
Years in school; mean (SD) 3.1 (0.7)
Caregiver characteristics All (N = 80)
Mother; N (%) 54 (68%)
Grandmother; N (%) 20 (25%)
Other; N (%) 6 (7%)
Age, years; mean (SD) 39.8 (11.7)
Years of schooling; mean (SD) 9.1 (2.7)
Married, N (%) 63 (79%)
EPDS score; mean (SD) 6 (5)
Household characteristics n
Household size; median (IQR) 3 (2,5)
Electricity in home; N (%) 9 (11%)
Drinking Water > 5 mins walk; N (%) 62 (78%)
Own radio; N (%) 59 (74%)
Own phone; N (%) 79 (99%)
Own TV; N (%) 36 (45%)
Own car/truck; N (%) 8 (10%)
Own solar panel; N (%) 62 (78%)
Own 2 or more children’s books; N (%) 29 (36%)
HFIAS median score (IQR) 6 (1, 10)
HDDS median score (IQR) 8.5 (7,10)
HWISE median score (IQR) 0 (0,1)
Adversities since child’s birth All (N = 80)
Death in household 26 (33%)
Adult sick / injured > 3 mo 11 (14%)
1 crop failure 60 (75%)
2 or more crop failures 37 (46%)
Loss of family possessions 27 (34%)
Alcohol problem 16 (20%)
Debt problem 16 (20%)
>2 Child hospital admissions 2 (3%)
Business failure  40 (50%)
 Lost job 22 (28%)
 Lost job > 6 mo 15 (19%)
 Child separation > 3 mo 17 (21%)

HAZ: Height-for-age Z-score, WAZ: Weight-for-age Z-score, EPDS: Edinburgh postnatal depression score [52], HFIAS: household food insecurity assessment scale [63], HDDS: Household Dietary diversity scale [49], HWISE: household water insecurity experience scale) [50].