Table 2. Regression analysis for depressive and anxiety symptoms in patients with achalasia.
Depressive symptoms (PHQ-9) | Anxiety symptoms (GAD-7) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
b (95% CI) | b (95% CI)) | b (95% CI) | b (95% CI) | |
Step 1: Covariates | Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 1 | Model 2 |
Age in years | -7.2 (-12.1–2)* | -0.9 (-6.2–4.7) | -7.8 (-12.8–2.6)* | -2.7 (-8-2.9) |
Sex, female | 15.1 (3.8–27.5)* | 10 (-0.2–21.3) | 17.6 (5.6–30.8)* | 12.6 (1.6–24.9)* |
Partnership, yes | -4.9 (-16.2–8) | -4 (-14.8–8.3) | 6.7 (-6.1–21.2) | 7.6 (-4.7–21.5) |
Income | ||||
< 2000 Euro | 12.3 (0.2–25.7)* | 7.2 (-3.6–19.2) | 17.9 (4.9–32.5)* | 13.4 (1.3–26.9)* |
2000–4500 | ||||
> 4500 Euro | -6.3 (-18.7–8.1) | -3.2 (-15.4–10.7) | -4.6 (-17.7–10.5) | -1.6 (-14.7–13.4) |
Education, ≥ 12 years | -3.7 (-13-6.7) | 1.5 (-7.6–11.6) | -2.4 (-12.2–8.6) | 1.9 (-8.1–12.9) |
Help-seeking for mental problems (lifetime), yes | 68.3 (51.7–86.6)* | 58.5 (43.7–74.9)* | 77.7 (59.6–97.9)* | 68 (51.4–86.5)* |
Comorbid illness (current), yes | 27.9 (15–42.2)* | 21.2 (9.6–34.2)* | 15 (3.1–28.2)* | 9.6 (-1.4–21.7) |
Step 2: Achalasia-related characteristics | ||||
Time since diagnosis, years | -6.5 (-11—1.7)* | -5 (-9.9–0.2) | ||
HQoL (ASQ) | 16.8 (9.8–24.2)* | 18.5 (11.1–26.5)* | ||
Symptom load (Eckhardt score) | 14.9 (8.2–22.1)* | 8.6 (1.5–16.1)* | ||
R² | 0.141 | 0.247 | 0.142 | 0.215 |
F ∆R² | 59.07 | 45.13 | 57.21 | 29.3 |
Notes. n = 993, parameter estimates pooled over 40 multiple imputations; b coefficient indicating percentage increase in outcome associated with one unit increase in predictor (continuous predictors were standardized: 1 unit = 1 SD); 95%CI 95% confidence intervals based on heteroscedasticity-robust standard errors; R² adjusted explained variance by model; F ∆R² significance test of change in explained variance by predictors added to model; ASQ Achalasia Severity Questionnaire;
*p ≤ .05.