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. 2023 May 11;18(5):e0285684. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0285684

Table 2. Regression analysis for depressive and anxiety symptoms in patients with achalasia.

Depressive symptoms (PHQ-9) Anxiety symptoms (GAD-7)
b (95% CI) b (95% CI)) b (95% CI) b (95% CI)
Step 1: Covariates Model 1 Model 2 Model 1 Model 2
Age in years -7.2 (-12.1–2)* -0.9 (-6.2–4.7) -7.8 (-12.8–2.6)* -2.7 (-8-2.9)
Sex, female 15.1 (3.8–27.5)* 10 (-0.2–21.3) 17.6 (5.6–30.8)* 12.6 (1.6–24.9)*
Partnership, yes -4.9 (-16.2–8) -4 (-14.8–8.3) 6.7 (-6.1–21.2) 7.6 (-4.7–21.5)
Income
< 2000 Euro 12.3 (0.2–25.7)* 7.2 (-3.6–19.2) 17.9 (4.9–32.5)* 13.4 (1.3–26.9)*
2000–4500
> 4500 Euro -6.3 (-18.7–8.1) -3.2 (-15.4–10.7) -4.6 (-17.7–10.5) -1.6 (-14.7–13.4)
Education, ≥ 12 years -3.7 (-13-6.7) 1.5 (-7.6–11.6) -2.4 (-12.2–8.6) 1.9 (-8.1–12.9)
Help-seeking for mental problems (lifetime), yes 68.3 (51.7–86.6)* 58.5 (43.7–74.9)* 77.7 (59.6–97.9)* 68 (51.4–86.5)*
Comorbid illness (current), yes 27.9 (15–42.2)* 21.2 (9.6–34.2)* 15 (3.1–28.2)* 9.6 (-1.4–21.7)
Step 2: Achalasia-related characteristics
Time since diagnosis, years -6.5 (-11—1.7)* -5 (-9.9–0.2)
HQoL (ASQ) 16.8 (9.8–24.2)* 18.5 (11.1–26.5)*
Symptom load (Eckhardt score) 14.9 (8.2–22.1)* 8.6 (1.5–16.1)*
0.141 0.247 0.142 0.215
F ∆R² 59.07 45.13 57.21 29.3

Notes. n = 993, parameter estimates pooled over 40 multiple imputations; b coefficient indicating percentage increase in outcome associated with one unit increase in predictor (continuous predictors were standardized: 1 unit = 1 SD); 95%CI 95% confidence intervals based on heteroscedasticity-robust standard errors; adjusted explained variance by model; F ∆R² significance test of change in explained variance by predictors added to model; ASQ Achalasia Severity Questionnaire;

*p ≤ .05.

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