Figure 1.

The schematic illustration of adoptive cell transfer (ACT) using natural APCs and artificial APCs (aAPCs). Natural APCs are prepared by deriving dendritic cells (DCs) from monocytes and pulsing them with cell lysates or antigens or genetically modifying the cell lines, such as K562 myelogenous leukemia cells or NIH/3T3 fibroblast cells, to give them antigen‐presentation functions. The process is long, and the quality is inconsistent due to the variation in cells. aAPCs proposed in this research are made by dewetting excessive oil of a double‐emulsion droplet (DED), followed by conjugating the surface proteins. The aAPCs can be produced in large quantities in a short time at a low cost. The as‐prepared aAPC has a fluidic lipid bilayer that makes it easy to form an immune synapse with T cells, resulting in effective T cell activation.