Table 1.
Summary of analytical performance parameters for detection of ACh with spectroscopic techniques
| Spectroscopic technique | Sample | Linearity range | R2 (equation) | LOD/LOQ | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| MS (GC–MS) | Rat blood | 0.5–4 pmol | 0.9998 | 0.3 pmol/– | [89] |
| MS (capillary GC–MS) | Canine brain and blood | 10–400 nmol/L | – | 0.5 pmol/– | [90] |
| MS (thermospray LC–MS) | Mouse brain | 0.030–30 nmol | 0.9996 (y = 1.0048x − 0.0166) | 30 pmol/– | [91] |
| MS (GC–MS) | Rat brain | 5–100 pmol | 0.998 | 0.5–2.0 pmol/– | [92] |
| MS (LC–MS) | Rat brain | to 20 pmol | 0.99989 | 1 pmol/– | [93] |
| SP | Synthetic | 7.5–62.5 μmol/L | 0.999 | –/– | [94] |
| MS (GC–MS) | Rat brain | 2.5–20 nmol | 0.9996 | 2 pmol/– | [95] |
| MS (HPLC–MS) | Rat pheochromocytoma cell line (PC12) | 1–100 pmol |
– (y = 0.995x + 0.0075) |
0.3 pmol/– | [96] |
| MS (LC–MS/MS) | Rat brain microdialysates | 0.1–1000 nmol | 0.9792 | 0.1 nmol/0.5 mol | [97] |
| MS (LC–APCI/MS/MS) | Rat corneal epithelium | 6.84–1710 pm/L |
0.998 (y = 2.65 × 10−3x − 8.22 × 10–3) |
6.84 pm/L/20.52 pm/L | [98] |
| MS (LC–MS/MS) | Mice and rat brain microdialysates | 0.1–50 nmol/L | 0.999 | 0.02 nM/0.1 nmol/L | [99] |
| MS (LC–MS/MS) | Rat brain microdialysates | up to 5 nmol/L | – | 0.1 nmol/L/– | [100] |
| MS (LC–APCI/MS/MS) | Rat brain microdialysates | 0.15–73 nmol/L |
0.986 (y = 0.0302x + 0.0004) |
–/0.15 nmol/L | [101] |
| MS (LC–ESI/MS/MS) | Rat brain microdialysates | 0.05–10 nmol/L | > 0.995 | 0.2 fmol/0.05 nmol/L | [102] |
| MS (LC–MS/MS) | Rat brain microdialysates | 0.33–33 nmol/L | > 0.98 | 0.04 nmol/L/– | [53] |
| FLD | Chemical standard | 0.05–100 µmol/L | – | 0.5 nmol/L/– | [103] |
| MS (HILIC–MS/MS) | Human liver | 6.84–1368 pm/L | > 0.999 | 1.37 pmol/L/4.10 pmol/L | [104] |
| MS (HILIC/ESI–MS/MS) | Rat microdialysate | 0.025–50 nmol/L | 0.9994 | 0.075 fmol/0.25 fmol | [105] |
| MS (HILIC–LC–MS/MS) | Cell lysate (SN56.B5.G4) | 0.001–10 µmol/L |
0.997 (y = 0.0099x + 0.0034) |
0.3 nmol/L/1 nmol/L | [106] |
| MS (LC–ESI–M/MS) | Rat brain microdialysate | 0.5–15 nmol/L |
0.9944 (y = 2.528x + 0.302) |
0.31 nmol/0.92 nmol | [107] |
| NIR–FLD | Synthetic | 0.5–1 mmol/L | – | 0.05 mmol/L/– | [108] |
| MS (MALDI–TOF MS) | Mouse brain cerebrospinal fluid | 1–1000 nmol/L | 0.9996 | 0.3 nmol/L/1 nmol/L | [109] |
| MS (UPLC–MS/MS) | Human plasma and urine | 0.2–150 nmol/L |
> 0.999 (y = 0.0318x + 0.0239) |
0.35 nmol/L/– | [110] |
| ESI–MS (LC–MS/MS) | Rat brain microdialysate | 0.05–5.00 nmol/L | 0.999 | 0.05 fmol/0.25 fmol | [111] |
| MS (LC–MS/MS) | Murine brain | 68.4–6840 pmol/L |
0.9999 (y = 0.0043x + 0.0054) |
1.37 pmol/L/6.85 pmol/L | [112] |
| MS (UPLC–MS/MS) | Rat cerebrospinal fluid | 0.17–34.20 pmol/L | 0.999 | –/1.70 pmol/L | [113] |
| MS (LC–ESI–MS/MS) | Rat brain microdialysate | 0.1–50 nmol/L |
0.9994 (x = 177.49x + 53.79) |
0.07 nmol/L/0.1 nmol/L | [114] |
| MS (LC–ESI–MS/MS) | Cerebral mice microdialysis | 0.05–10 nmol/L | > 0.996 | 0.02 nmol/L/0.05 nmol/L | [115] |
| FLD | Human serum |
0.01–80 µmol/L 80–200 µmol/L |
0.9961 0.991 |
2.7 nmol/L/– | [116] |
| FLD | Synthetic | 0.5–60 μmol/L | 0.9976 | 0.5 μmol/L/– | [117] |
| MS (UPLC–MS/MS) | Human peripheral blood mononuclear cells | 3.42–34.2 pmol/L |
0.9993 (y = 2.2521x + 0.0038) |
0.034 pmol/– | [118] |
| MS (UHPLC–MS) | Plant parts of different Atriplex species | 3.42–136.8 nmol/L |
0.99 (y = 1.26 × 10−7x − 4.75 × 10–6) |
1.37 nmol/L/3.42 nmol/L | [119] |
| FLD | Synthetic | 1–10 µmol/L | – | 0.317 µmol/L/1.05 µmol/L | [120] |
| SERS | Secretion of ACh from PC12 cells | 0.0001–100 μmol/L | > 0.9885 | 10 fmol/L/– | [121] |
| FLD | Human plasma | 0.01–100 μmol/L | 0.9946 | 8.9 nmol/L/– | [122] |
| MS (FT–ICR–MS) | Lungs of asthma model mice |
1.56 to 0.20 pmol 100 to 0.20 pmol |
0.997 0.9865 |
0.20 pmol/– | [123] |
| MS (LC–MS/MS) | Murine microdialysate | 0.34–683.96 pmol/L | 0.9988 | 0.17 pmol/L/0.34 pmol/L | [124] |
| MS (IC-MS/MS) | Feed, blood and urine of animals | 3.42–683.96 pmol/L |
0.9993 (y = 92464x + 28,182) |
–/6.84 pmol/L | [125] |
| MS (LC–MS/MS) | Human cerebrospinal fluid | 34.20–1368 pmol/L |
0.9995 (y = 0.00020x + 0.00049) |
–/34.2 pmol/L | [126] |
| MS (UHPLC-ESI–MS/MS) | Rat brain | 0.171–17.1 nmol/L |
0.9998 (y = 0.0548x − 0.0001) |
68.4 pmol/L/171 pmol/L | [127] |
GC gas chromatography, MS mass spectrometry, LC liquid chromatography, SP spectrophotometry, HPLC high performance liquid chromatography, APCI atmospheric pressure chemical ionization, ESI electrospray ionization, HILIC hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography, NIR-FLD near infrared fluorescence detector, MALDI matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization, TOF time of flight, UPLC ultra-performance liquid chromatography, FLD fluorescence detector, UHPLC ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography, SERS surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy, FT-ICR Fourier-transform ion cyclotron resonance, IC ion chromatography