TABLE 2.

Ginseng and its active components protect organs and tissues by increasing the activity of antioxidant enzymes to reduce oxidative stress.

Drugs	Animals/Cells	Intervention results	Mechanism	References
Rb1	In vivo, elderly rats with fatigue syndrome after major resection of the small intestine	MDA↓, SOD↑	Activate of the PI3K/Akt/Nrf 2 pathway	Zhuang et al. (2014)
Rg3	In vivo, high-fat diet feeding, STZ-induced diabetic nephropathy in C57BL/6 mice	TC, TG, LDL-C↓, HDL-C↑; MDA↓, SOD, CAT↑, HO-1↑	Regulate the MAPK/NF-κB pathway	Li et al. (2021)
Rb1	In vivo, immune liver injury induced by restraint stress (RS) combined with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in mice	Liver fat vacuoles↓; MDA↓, SOD↑	SIRT3/FoxO3/SOD pathway↑	Wang et al. (2022)
Rb3	In vitro, the lipid hepatocyte model was prepared by mixed culture medium of oleic acid (OA) and palmitic acid (PA)	Lipid stock↓, TG↓; ROS↓	the expression of Klf16, Nrf2, and Sod2↑	Wu et al. (2022)
SGL 121	In vivo, mice fed a high-fat, high-carbohydrate diet (HFHC); in vitro, HepG2 cells	TG, TC, LDL↓, HDL↑, MDA↓	Activate of AMPK, the entry of Nrf 2 into the nucleus↑, HO-1 expression↑	Kim et al. (2020)
Rb1	In vivo, C57BL/6J mice	TC、TG、LDL-c, adipose cell↓; Expression of the oxidative stress genes SOD 1, CAT, and NFe212 in the colon↑	Regulate the structure of the intestinal flora and the intestinal fatty acid profile	Zou et al. (2022)