Table 1.
Comparison of demographic and clinical characteristics, and outcomes between the FANA-positive and -negative groups of patients with confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection
| Characteristic | Total (n = 132) | FANA-positive (n = 77) | FANA-negative (n = 55) | p value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Demographic variable | ||||
| Age, yr | 70 (56.3–79.0) | 74 (65.0–81.5) | 64 (49.0–75.0) | < 0.001 |
| Male sex | 83 (62.9) | 47 (61.0) | 36 (65.5) | 0.605 |
| Vaccinated patients | 43 (32.6) | 21 (27.3) | 22 (40.0) | 0.124 |
| Comorbidities | ||||
| Cardiovascular disease | 10 (7.6) | 7 (9.1) | 3 (5.5) | 0.521 |
| Neurologic disease | 18 (13.6) | 15 (19.5) | 3 (5.5) | 0.021 |
| Malignant disease | 19 (14.4) | 15 (19.5) | 4 (7.3) | 0.049 |
| Renal disease | 11 (8.3) | 6 (7.8) | 5 (9.1) | - |
| Hepatic disease | 6 (4.5) | 4 (5.2) | 2 (3.6) | - |
| Pulmonary disease | 6 (4.5) | 6 (7.8) | 0 | 0.041 |
| Hypertension | 67 (50.8) | 38 (49.4) | 29 (52.7) | 0.702 |
| Diabetes mellitus | 49 (37.1) | 27 (35.1) | 22 (40.0) | 0.563 |
| Organ transplantation | 3 (2.3) | 2 (2.6) | 1 (1.8) | - |
| Clinical severity upon initial admission | 0.249 | |||
| HFNC or NIV | 104 (78.8) | 58 (75.3) | 46 (83.6) | |
| Intubation or ECMO | 28 (21.2) | 19 (24.7) | 9 (16.4) | |
| Clinical severity at worst | < 0.001 | |||
| HFNC or NIV | 48 (36.4) | 17 (22.1) | 31 (56.4) | |
| Intubation or ECMO | 84 (63.6) | 60 (77.9) | 24 (43.6) | |
| Dialysis | 32 (24.2) | 21 (27.3) | 11 (20.0) | 0.336 |
| Septic shock | 75 (56.8) | 49 (63.6) | 26 (47.3) | 0.061 |
| Laboratory findings at time of COVID-19 diagnosis | ||||
| C-reactive protein ≥ 45 mg/L | 110 (83.3) | 69 (89.6) | 41 (74.5) | 0.022 |
| Procalcitonin ≥ 0.200 ng/mL | 56 (42.4) | 40 (51.9) | 16 (29.1) | 0.009 |
| Lactic acid ≥ 1.5 mmol/L | 85 (64.4) | 54 (70.1) | 31 (56.4) | 0.103 |
| D-dimer ≥ 1.5 μg/mL | 59 (45.4) | 46 (59.7) | 13 (24.5) | < 0.001 |
| Ferritin ≥ 800 ng/mL | 59 (46.5) | 39 (53.4) | 20 (37.0) | 0.067 |
| Blood urea nitrogen ≥ 20 mg/dL | 76 (57.6) | 48 (62.3) | 28 (50.9) | 0.190 |
| NT-pro BNP > 100 ng/L | 99 (76.2) | 64 (85.3) | 35 (63.6) | 0.004 |
| Treatments | ||||
| Remdesivir | 112 (84.8) | 64 (83.1) | 48 (87.3) | 0.511 |
| Anticoagulant | 117 (88.6) | 67 (87.0) | 50 (90.9) | 0.487 |
| Dexamethasone | 124 (93.9) | 75 (97.4) | 49 (89.1) | 0.067 |
| Tocilizumab | 55 (41.7) | 35 (45.5) | 20 (36.4) | 0.296 |
| Clinical outcome | ||||
| Length of hospital stays after SARS-CoV-2 diagnosis, days | 16.5 (10.3–27.0) | 15 (10.0–26.5) | 19 (12.0–27.0) | 0.446 |
| 28-day mortality | 34 (25.8) | 28 (36.4) | 6 (10.9) | 0.001 |
Values are presented as median (interquartile range) or number (%).
FANA, fluorescent antinuclear antibody; SARS-CoV-2, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2; HFNC, high-flow nasal cannula; NIV, non-invasive ventilation; ECMO, extracorporeal membrane oxygenation; COVID-19, coronavirus disease 2019; NT-pro BNP, N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide.