Table 2.
Comparison of demographic and clinical characteristics between survivors and non-survivors among patients with confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection
| Characteristic | Total (n = 132) | Survivors (n = 98) | Non-survivors (n = 34) | p value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Demographic variable | ||||
| Age, yr | 70 (56.3–79.0) | 66.0 (53.0–75.0) | 80.0 (73.8–83.3) | < 0.001 |
| Male sex | 83 (62.9) | 62 (63.3) | 21 (61.8) | 0.876 |
| Vaccinated patients | 43 (32.6) | 34 (34.7) | 9 (26.5) | 0.378 |
| Comorbidities | ||||
| Cardiovascular disease | 10 (7.6) | 7 (7.1) | 3 (8.8) | 0.717 |
| Neurologic disease | 18 (13.6) | 11 (11.2) | 7 (20.6) | 0.244 |
| Malignant disease | 19 (14.4) | 11 (11.2) | 8 (23.5) | 0.093 |
| Renal disease | 11 (8.3) | 7 (7.1) | 4 (11.8) | 0.401 |
| Hepatic disease | 6 (4.5) | 6 (6.1) | 0 | 0.338 |
| Pulmonary disease | 6 (4.5) | 2 (2.0) | 4 (11.8) | 0.038 |
| Hypertension | 67 (50.8) | 42 (42.9) | 25 (73.5) | 0.002 |
| Diabetes mellitus | 49 (37.1) | 31 (31.6) | 18 (52.9) | 0.027 |
| Organ transplantation | 3 (2.3) | 2 (2.0) | 1 (2.9) | - |
| Clinical severity on initial admission | 0.065 | |||
| HFNC or NIV | 104 (78.8) | 81 (82.7) | 23 (67.6) | |
| Intubation or ECMO | 28 (21.2) | 17 (17.3) | 11 (32.4) | |
| Clinical severity at worst | < 0.001 | |||
| HFNC or NIV | 48 (36.4) | 47 (48.0) | 1 (2.9) | |
| Intubation or ECMO | 84 (63.6) | 51 (52.0) | 33 (97.1) | |
| Dialysis | 32 (24.2) | 15 (15.3) | 17 (50.0) | < 0.001 |
| Septic shock | 75 (56.8) | 41 (41.8) | 34 (100.0) | < 0.001 |
| Laboratory findings at time of COVID-19 diagnosis | ||||
| C-reactive protein ≥ 45 mg/L | 110 (83.3) | 77 (78.6) | 33 (97.1) | 0.013 |
| Procalcitonin ≥ 0.200 ng/mL | 56 (42.4) | 31 (31.6) | 25 (73.5) | < 0.001 |
| Lactic acid ≥ 1.5 mmol/L | 85 (64.4) | 61 (62.2) | 24 (70.6) | 0.381 |
| D-dimer ≥ 1.5 μg/mL | 59 (45.4) | 33 (34.4) | 26 (76.5) | < 0.001 |
| Ferritin ≥ 800 ng/mL | 59 (46.5) | 38 (40.4) | 21 (63.6) | 0.021 |
| Blood urea nitrogen > 20 mg/dL | 76 (57.6) | 45 (45.9) | 31 (91.2) | < 0.001 |
| NT-pro BNP > 100 ng/L | 99 (76.2) | 68 (70.1) | 31 (93.9) | 0.006 |
| Treatments | ||||
| Remdesivir | 112 (84.8) | 90 (91.8) | 22 (64.7) | < 0.001 |
| Anticoagulant | 117 (88.6) | 90 (91.8) | 27 (79.4) | 0.062 |
| Dexamethasone | 124 (93.9) | 92 (93.9) | 32 (94.1) | - |
| Tocilizumab | 55 (41.7) | 37 (37.8) | 18 (52.9) | 0.122 |
Values are presented as median (interquartile range) or number (%).
SARS-CoV-2, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2; HFNC, high-flow nasal cannula; NIV, non-invasive ventilation; ECMO, extracorporeal membrane oxygenation; COVID-19, coronavirus disease 2019; NT-pro BNP, N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide.