TABLE 5.

Sensitivity, specificity, positive, and negative likelihood ratios for antepartum risk factors

Antepartum risk factor	Number of cohorts	Cases of SD	Sensitivity	Specificity	Positive LR	Negative LR
At least 1 risk factor (AMA)	16,088	344	2.1 (1.9–2.3)	98.4 (98.3–98.5)	1.31 (1.17–1.47)	0.99 (0.99–1.00)
At least 2 risk factors (AMA or nulliparity)	2033	35	1.7 (1.2–2.4)	98.3 (98.2–98.4)	1.04 (0.74–1.44)	1.0 (0.99–1.01)
At least 3 risk factors (AMA or nulliparity or obesity)	127	6	4.7 (1.8–10.0)	98.3 (98.2–98.4)	2.85 (1.30–6.23)	0.97 (0.93–1.01)
At least 4 risk factors (AMA or nulliparity or obesity or AA or Hispanic)	38	3	7.9 (1.7–21.4)	98.3 (98.2–98.5)	4.76 (1.61–14.1)	0.94 (0.85–1.03)
At least 5 risk factors (AMA or nulliparity or Obesity or AA or Hispanic or private insurance)	20	2	10.0 (1.2–31.7)	98.3 (98.2–98.4)	6.03 (1.62–22.5)	0.92 (0.79–1.06)

The following risk factors were assessed: maternal age ≥35, nulliparity, prepregnancy body mass index ≥30, African American or Hispanic race or ethnicity, and private insurance.

AA, African American; AMA, advanced maternal age; LR, likelihood ratio; SD, shoulder dystocia.