Table 3.

Participant characteristics and covariates (N = 2,038)

Variable	Mean	Std. Dev	Min	Max
Desire to call police [0,100]	61.7	33.93	0	100
Perceived threat [0,100]	55.8	30.78	0	100
Age	41.9	13.1	18	85
Gender identity
Female	47%	0.5	0	1
Male	53%	0.5	0	1
Other identity	0.5%	0.07	0	1
Marital status
Never married	35%	0.48	0	1
Divorced	8%	0.27	0	1
Separated	1%	0.12	0	1
Widowed	2%	0.12	0	1
Married	48%	0.5	0	1
Domestic partnership	6%	0.24	0	1
Education
Less than high school	1%	0.08	0	1
High school graduate	10%	0.3	0	1
Some college	18%	0.38	0	1
2-year degree	9%	0.29	0	1
4-year degree	45%	0.5	0	1
Masters or Professional degree	16%	0.36	0	1
Doctorate	1%	0.12	0	1
Employment
Permanently disabled	1%	0.11	0	1
Retired	6%	0.24	0	1
Student	2%	0.12	0	1
Taking care of home or family	4%	0.18	0	1
Unemployed	5%	0.22	0	1
Temporarily laid off	< 1%	0.04	0	1
Working part time	14%	0.34	0	1
Working full time	69%	0.46	0	1
Household characteristics
Size of household	2.88	4.27	1	150
Children in household	0.70	1.67	0	40
Household income*	2.80	2.22	0	10
Political views
Very liberal	13%	0.33	0	1
Liberal	32%	0.47	0	1
Moderate	25%	0.43	0	1
Variable	Mean	Std. Dev	Min	Max
Conservative	22%	0.42	0	1
Very conservative	9%	0.28	0	1
Rent or own
Rent	36%	0.48	0	1
Own	59%	0.49	0	1
Other housing arrangement	5%	0.22	0	1
Urbanicity
Rural	18%	0.38	0	1
Suburban	50%	0.5	0	1
Urban	32%	0.47	0	1
Vignette (racial description and severity)
White, low-severity and high ambiguity	25%	0.43	0	1
Black, low-severity and high ambiguity	25%	0.44	0	1
White, high-severity and low ambiguity	25%	0.44	0	1
Black, high-severity and low ambiguity	25%	0.43	0	1
Racial identity(s) (multiple possible)
White identity	82%	0.38	0	1
Black identity	19%	0.59	0	2
Native identity	1%	0.11	0	1
Asian identity	8%	0.27	0	1
Pacific identity	< 1%	0.04	0	1
Other racial identity	4%	0.27	0	2
Hispanic identity (asked separately from racial identity)	9%	0.29	0	1
Government assistance(s)
Medical assistance	30%	0.46	0	1
Cash assistance	9%	0.29	0	1
Food assistance	21%	0.41	0	1
Social disability assistance	13%	0.34	0	1
Unemployment assistance	23%	0.42	0	1
Housing assistance	9%	0.28	0	1
Other assistance	4%	0.19	0	1
Any assistance indicated	56%	0.5	0	1
Community efficacy variables (0 to 4)
get along with each other?	3.08	0.79	0	4
are willing to help their neighbor?	2.96	0.93	0	4
share the same values?	2.62	0.95	0	4
can be trusted?	2.79	0.95	0	4
would break up a fight if one broke out in the neighborhood?	2.41	1.06	0	4
Community efficacy sum [0,20]	13.86	3.67	0	20
Community crime concern variables (0 to 4)	Mean	Std. Dev	Min	Max
Muggings or robberies (in the past year) are a problem	0.77	1.11	0	4
Home burglaries (in the past year) are a problem	0.86	1.09	0	4
Car thefts (in the past year) are a problem	0.97	1.18	0	4
Violent fights (in the past year) are a problem	0.77	1.18	0	4
Sexual assaults (in the past year) are a problem	0.70	1.19	0	4
Shootings or stabbings (in the past year) are a problem	0.78	1.26	0	4
Community crime concerns sum [0,24]	4.85	6.37	0	24
Community physical disorder variables (0 to 4)
Litter, broken glass, or trash on the sidewalks and streets	1.06	1.13	0	4
Vacant or deserted houses, buildings, or storefronts	0.78	1.12	0	4
Community physical disorder sum [0,8]	1.84	2.09	0	8
Community social disorder variables (0 to 4)
People selling or using drugs	1.06	1.27	0	4
Teenagers hanging around on the streets	0.80	1.11	0	4
People being drunk or rowdy in public spaces	0.83	1.19	0	4
Community social disorder sum [0,12]	2.69	3.23	0	12
Community precautions variables (0 to 4)
avoid certain streets or places?	0.93	1.21	0	4
stay in at night?	1.25	1.35	0	4
not travel alone?	0.96	1.23	0	4
carry a weapon?	0.69	1.2	0	4
Community precautions sum [0,16]	3.83	4.04	0	16
Crime victimization variables
Participant was victim of a serious crime (five years)	9%	0.28	0	1
Household member was victim of a serious crime (five years)	6%	0.24	0	1
Police legitimacy variables (0 to 4)**
Police in my neighborhood are respected	2.93	0.99	0	4
I generally support how police act in my neighborhood	3.01	1.03	0	4
Police in my neighborhood are fair in interactions and decisions	2.93	1.03	0	4
Police are responsive to neighborhood concerns	2.98	1.04	0	4
Police legitimacy sum [0,16]	11.85	3.64	0	16
Police concern (over next 5 years) variables (0 to 4)**
Concern police will stop you	0.88	1.13	0	4
Concern police will search you	0.70	1.13	0	4
Concern police will use insulting language toward you	0.70	1.15	0	4
Concern police will arrest you	0.62	1.13	0	4
Concern police will use physical force against you	0.67	1.16	0	4
Concern police will kill you	0.58	1.15	0	4
Police concern (over next 5 years) sum [0,24]	4.14	6.2	0	24
Police contact (over the past 5 years) variables (0 to 3 +)	Mean	Std. Dev	Min	Max
Police stops	0.58	0.83	0	3
Police searches	0.25	0.64	0	3
Police insulting language	0.24	0.63	0	3
Police arrests	0.17	0.57	0	3
Police usages of physical force	0.17	0.55	0	3
Police contact (over past 5 years) sum [0,15]	1.41	2.63	0	15
Law enforcement affiliation variables
I work in law enforcement	4%	0.2	0	1
My partner works in law enforcement	3%	0.18	0	1
Close friend(s) works in law enforcement	12%	0.33	0	1
Family member(s) works in law enforcement	11%	0.31	0	1
Law enforcement affiliation sum [0,4]	0.31	0.68	0	4

* Household income measured in $20,000 tranches, with 0 corresponding to “Less than $20,000”, 1 corresponding to “$20,000—$39,999”, 2 corresponding to “$40,000—$59,999”, and 10 corresponding to truncated value of “200,000 or more”

** These variables are not included in models that interact vignette exposure with participants’ political views, as these variables covary with political views and would overcontrol interactions