TABLE 1.
Aggregated accuracy-related performance results for all navigation cohorts
| Margin accuracy (deviation from 1 cm goal] |
WLE result |
Tumor-specimen alignment |
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|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Results by groupa FGS | FGS | CT | MRI | CT-N | MR-N | Mean Δ (mm) | SD (mm) | p Value | Max | Min | Positive margins (n) | p Value | (deg.) | Std Dev | p Value | Max | Min |
| Group 0 (no imaging) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 8.1 | 6.1 | <0.001 | 27.9 | 0.0 | 15 | 23.2 | 12.8 | <0.001 | 44 | 4.0 | |
| Group 1 (ref) | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 2.2 | 1.7 | 5.4 | 0.1 | 0 | 9.4 | 7.9 | 20 | 0.0 | |||
| Group 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 3.4 | 2.6 | 0.033 | 9.0 | 0.0 | 0 | 6.4 | 5.4 | 0.410 | 15 | 1.0 | |
| Group 3 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 4.4 | 2.9 | <0.001 | 10.0 | 0.0 | 4 | 8.3 | 9.0 | 0.736 | 29 | 0.0 | |
| Group 4 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 3.1 | 2.8 | 0.103 | 13.1 | 0.1 | 1 | 3.7 | 3.9 | 0.084 | 10 | 0.0 | |
| Group 5 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 3.0 | 2.3 | 0.139 | 11.3 | 0.3 | 0 | 7.2 | 8.0 | 0.501 | 28 | 0.0 | |
| Group 6 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1.9 | 1.5 | 0.523 | 5.2 | 0.0 | 0 | 3.4 | 3.5 | 0.069 | 9 | 0.0 | |
| Group 7 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 2.1 | 1.9 | 0.780 | 10.0 | 0.1 | 1 | 5.4 | 5.0 | 0.223 | 16 | 0.0 | |
| Group 8 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 2.0 | 2.0 | 0.919 | 10.0 | 0.1 | 1 | 4.2 | 3.7 | 0.114 | 10 | 0.0 | |
| Fluorescence | |||||||||||||||||
| FGS - no (ref) | 0 | 3.2 | 2.6 | 9.4 | 0.1 | 5 | 7.0 | 6.6 | 19 | 0.0 | |||||||
| FGS - yes | 1 | 2.3 | 2.0 | <0.001 | 10.9 | 0.1 | 2 | 0.45 | 6.4 | 6.6 | 0.005 | 21 | 0.0 | ||||
| All imaging-based navigation | |||||||||||||||||
| Navigation - no (ref) | 0 | 0 | 2.6 | 2.0 | 8.4 | 0.2 | 0 | 8.3 | 8.0 | 24 | 0.0 | ||||||
| Navigation - yes | 1 | 1 | 2.8 | 2.4 | 0.004 | 9.6 | 0.1 | 7 | 0.015 | 5.2 | 5.1 | 0.006 | 15 | 0.0 | |||
| CT imaging-based navigation | |||||||||||||||||
| CT navigation - no (ref) | 0 | 2.9 | 2.3 | 9.2 | 0.1 | 5 | 7.6 | 7.5 | 23 | 0.0 | |||||||
| CT navigation - yes | 1 | 2.6 | 2.3 | 0.004 | 9.3 | 0.1 | 2 | 0.45 | 4.4 | 4.1 | 0.001 | 11 | 0.0 | ||||
| MR imaging-based navigation | |||||||||||||||||
| MR navigation - no (ref) | 0 | 2.6 | 2.1 | 7.7 | 0.1 | 0 | 6.6 | 6.2 | 18 | 0.0 | |||||||
| MR navigation - yes | 1 | 2.9 | 2.5 | <0.001 | 10.8 | 0.1 | 7 | 0.015 | 5.4 | 5.4 | 0.014 | 16 | 0.0 | ||||
| Fluorescence + CT navigation | |||||||||||||||||
| All others (ref) | 2.9 | 2.4 | 5.2 | 0.0 | 7 | 3.4 | 3.5 | 9 | 0.0 | ||||||||
| FGS+ CT navigation | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1.9 | 1.6 | 0.045 | 9.8 | 0.1 | 0 | 0.61 | 6.4 | 6.2 | 0.082 | 18 | 0.2 |
a
CT, computed tomography; CT-N, computed tomography-guided navigation; FGS, fluorescence-guided surgery; MRI, magnetic resonance imaging; MRI-N, magnetic resonance imaging-guided navigation.