Figure 1.

Schematical representation of TLRs involvement in αSyn mediated neurodegeneration. In neuronal cells, misfolded αSyn can be internalized via TLRs or several indirect endocytosis methods. Extracellular αSyn activates a TLR signaling cascade that results in neurotoxic responses, such as pro-inflammatory cytokine expression and release, ultimately leading to neuronal damage and pathological modification of αSyn. Therefore, TLR specific targeting ameliorates αSyn-mediated neurotoxicity by inhibiting TLR-mediated αSyn internalization and inflammatory response. Created with BioRender.com.