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. 2023 May 6;12(9):1329. doi: 10.3390/cells12091329

Figure 2.

Figure 2

Schematic illustration of NAD and NADH molecules and their charges. Although the abbreviation for nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide is written with a plus sign (NAD+), its net charge is negative due to the presence of two phosphate groups. Similarly, NADH has a net charge of negative two.