Table 1.
Characteristics of selected studies.
| Author, Year | Country (Cohort) | Analyzed Group | N (M/F or Female, %) |
Age (Mean (SD or Range or IQR)) |
Blood | GFAP (Mean (SD or IQR)) |
|||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Control | Case | Control | Case | Control | Case | ||||
| Asken, 2021 [35] | USA | CN/MCI (Cohort1) | 39 (78%) | 11 (22%) | 72.7 (6.3) | 70.7 (8.6) | Plasma | 183 (140, 242), | 213 (168, 254) |
| CN/MCI/AD (Cohort2) | 32 (45%) | MCI: 18 (25%)/ AD: 21 (30%) |
75.4 (4.6) | MCI: 70.4 (11.2)/AD: 68.9 (11.2) | Plasma | 110 (75, 184) | MCI: 172 (151, 233)/AD: 167 (137, 265) | ||
| Benedet, 2021 [32] | Canada (TRIAD) | CU Aβ−/CU+ Aβ+/MCI Aβ+/AD | CU Aβ−: 114 (41/73)/CU Aβ+: 42 (13/29) | MCI Aβ+: 39 (18/21)/AD: 45 (24/21) | CU Aβ−: 69.9 (9.4)/CU Aβ+: 4.1 (7.7) | MCI Aβ+: 71.2 (7.7)/AD: 66.1 (9.7) | Plasma | CU Aβ−: 185.1 (93.5)/CU Aβ+: 285.0 (142.6) | MCI Aβ+: 332.5 (153.6)/AD: 388.1 (152.8) |
| Aβ− Aβ+ | Aβ−: 185.1 (95.5) | Aβ+: 285.0 (142.6) | |||||||
| Spain (ALFA) | CU−/CU+ | CU−: 249 (96/153)/CU+: 135 (54/81) | CU−: 60.5 (4.50)/ CU+: 62.2 (4.9) |
Plasma | CU−: 121.9 (42.4)/CU+: 169.9 (78.5) | ||||
| France (BioCogBank) |
CU Aβ−/MCI Aβ+/AD | 21 (7/14) | MCI Aβ+: 42 (16/26)/AD: 76 (39/47) | 64.4 (9.5) | MCI Aβ+: 72.4 (7.9)/AD: 72.2 (8.4) | Plasma | 161.2 (67.1) | MCI Aβ+: 368.6 (158.5)/AD: 376.4 (179.6) | |
| Benedet, 2022 [36] | USA/Canada (ADNI) | Aβ−/Aβ+ | 58 (34/24) | 60 (34/26) | 70.8 (66.5, 75.7) | 73.8 (69.9, 77.4) | Plasma | 113 (80.7, 154) | 164 (125, 223) |
| Benussi, 2020 [37] | Italy | HC/AD | 61 (20.6%) | 63 (31.7%) | 65.5 (12.3) | 75.5 (8.1) | Serum | 183.1 (93.7) | 394.8 (176.2) |
| Bettcher, 2022 [38] | USA | Asymptomatic/Symptomatic (MCI/AD) | 69 (21/48) | 45 (23/22) | 69.5 (6.4) | 71.7 (7.5) | Plasma | 148.1 (72.7) | 265.9 (125.6) |
| Beyer, 2022 [39] | Germany (ESTHER) | Con/AD (within 17 y) | 240 (114/126) | 68 (25/43) | 66.1 (4.6) | 68.8 (4.3) | Plasma | 99.6 (46.7) | 159.0 (111.1) |
| Chatterjee, 2021a [40] | Australia (KARVIAH) | Aβ−/Aβ+ | 63 (18/45) | 33 (13/20) | 77.41 (5.45) | 79.64 (5.20) | Plasma | 151.42 (58.49) | 240.12 (124.88) |
| Non-SMC Aβ−/Non-SMC Aβ+/SMC Aβ-/SMC Aβ+ | Non-SMC Aβ−: 14/Non-SMC Aβ+: 8 | SMC Aβ−: 49/SMC Aβ+: 25 | Non-SMC Aβ−: 146.83 (61.58)/Non-SMC Aβ+: 202.28 (63.81) | SMC Aβ−: 152.73 (58.18)/SMC Aβ+: 252.22 (137.75) | |||||
| Chatterjee, 2021b [41] | Australia (KARVIAH) | Aβ−/Aβ+ | 67 (19/48) | 33 (13/20) | 77.78 (5.56) | 79.00 (5.44) | 146.96 (49.48) | 211.39 (86.04) | |
| Chatterjee, 2022 [42] | Australia (AIBL) | SMCs Aβ−/SMCs Aβ+ | SMCs Aβ−: 52 (77.61%) | SMCs Aβ+: 24 (72.72%) | SMCs Aβ−: 147.85 (47.07) | SMCs Aβ+: 229.50 (93.49) | |||
| Chouliaras, 2022 [43] | UK (NIMROD/AMPLE/MIDAS/MILOS) | Con/MCI + AD | 73 (43/30) | 63 (43/20) | 70.2 (7.79) | 73.9 (7.80) | Plasma | 154 (96.5) | 243 (99.9) |
| LBD Aβ−/LBD Aβ+ | 30 (25/5) | 29 (23/6) | 73.9 (6.25) | 75.2 (6.75) | 179 (62.0) | 219 (85.9) | |||
| Cicognola, 2021 [44] | Sweden | Stable MCI Aβ−/Stable MCI Aβ+/MCI-AD Aβ+/MCI-other Aβ−/MCI-other Aβ+ | Stable MCI Aβ−: 58 (55%)/MCI-other Aβ-: 25 (44%) | Stable MCI Aβ+: 21 (48%)/MCI-AD Aβ+: 47 (75%)/MCI-other Aβ+: 9 (33%) | Stable MCI Aβ−: 69 (8)/MCI-other Aβ−: 73 (7) | Stable MCI Aβ+: 69 (6)/MCI-AD Aβ+: 76 (7)/MCI-other Aβ+: 74 (6) | Plasma | Stable MCI Aβ−: 36 (17)/MCI-other Aβ−: 42 (16) | Stable MCI Aβ+: 46 (25)/MCI-AD Aβ+: 67 (24)/MCI-other Aβ+: 52 (11) |
| Ebenau, 2022 [45] | Netherlands (ADC) | Stable/Progression | 337 (196/141), | 64 (38/26) | Serum | 190.8 (124.9) | 281.1 (128.6) | ||
| Frontera, 2021 [46] | USA (ADRC) | Normal/MCI/AD (COVID-19 patients) | 54 (19/35) | MCI: 54 (11/43)/AD: 53 (21/32) | 71 (65–76) | MCI: 77 (70–86)/AD: 82 (72–88) | Plasma | 111.4 | MCI: 152.5/AD: 257.1 |
| Gonzales, 2021 [47] | USA (TARCC) | CU/MCI/Dementia (Hispanic) | 711 (196/515) | MCI: 325(102/223)/Dementia: 157 (55/102) | 63 (8) | MCI: 70 (9)/Dementia: 75 (8) | Serum | 134 (98, 186) | MCI: 174 (120, 249)/Dementia: 279 (182, 432) |
| CU/MCI/Dementia (Non-Hispanic) | 184 (67/117) | MCI: 115 (62/52)/Dementia: 351 (162/189) | 72 (8) | MCI: 73 (9)/Dementia: 75 (9) | Serum | 206 (145, 367) | MCI: 253 (175, 380)/Dementia: 429 (308, 591) | ||
| Gonzales, 2022 [48] | USA (TARCC) | CU/MCI/Dementia | 479 (125/354) | MCI: 207 (67/140)/Dementia: 59 (20/39) | 63 (7) | MCI: 71 (8)/Dementia: 74 (8) | Serum | 136 (102, 189) | MCI: 179 (123, 261)/Dementia: 223 (160, 391) |
| Mila-Aloma, 2022 [49] | Spain (ALFA+) | Aβ−/Aβ+ | 262 (61.8) | 135 (60) | 60.6 (4.45) | 62.2 (4.91) | Plasma | 122 (42.8) | 170 (78.5) |
| Oeckl, 2022 [50] | Portugal/Netherlands/Germany | Con/MCI-AD/AD | 129 (66/63) | MCI-AD: 111 (47/64)/AD: 230 (91/139) | Con: 63 (57–69) | MCI-AD: 71 (64–74)/AD: 69 (62–76) | Serum | 167 (108–234) | MCI-AD: 300 (232–433)/AD: 375 (276–505) |
| Oeckl, 2019 [33] | Germany | Con/AD | 34 (25/9) | 28 (9/19) | 66 (57–74) | 71 (67–78) | Serum | 157 (126–218) | 376 (294–537) |
| Palmqvist, 2022 [51] | Germany (Panel A+ study) | Aβ−/Aβ+ | 117 (65/52) | 110 (48/62) | 63.6 (10.8) | 69.5 (7.9) | Plasma | 98.9 (86.3) | 155 (94) |
| Sweden (Swedish BioFINDER) |
Aβ−/Aβ+ | 403 (187/216) | 290 (137/153) | 71.9 (5.6) | 73.0 (5.3) | 89.6 (59) | 130 (67) | ||
| Parvizi, 2022 [52] | Austria | HC/MCI | 44 (20/24) | 63 (34/29) | 61.2 (55.8, 69.5) |
69.9 (59.3, 77.8) | Plasma | 79 (53.7, 120.6) | 167.5 (93.8, 256.3) |
| HC/AD | 60 (24/36) | 69 (61.3, 75) | 181.9 (129.6, 269.6) | ||||||
| Pereira, 2021 [53] | Sweden (Swedish BioFINDER-2) | CU Aβ−/CU Aβ+/CI Aβ+/CI Aβ− | CU Aβ−: 217 (98/119)/ | CI Aβ−: 63 (36/27) |
63.8 (41.2–87.9) | 67.9 (45.2–83.4) | Plasma | 179.6 (31.1–534.9) | 166.9 (24.5–476.0) |
| CU Aβ+: 71 (35/36) | CI Aβ+: 78 (34/44) | 72.1 (51.0–88.7) | 73.0 (53.7–93.3) | 252.1 (86.1–672.9) | 262.6 (94.0–650.7) | ||||
| Pichet Binette, 2022 [54] | Sweden | Non-progression to AD/Progression to AD | 84 (46/38) | 26 (12/14) | 71.52 (8.20) | 74.77 (8.12) | Plasma | 164.69 (117.31) | 251.30 (115.21) |
| Prins, 2022 [55] | Netherlands | Aβ−/Aβ+ | 50 (29/21) | 50 (33/17) | 71.88 (4.45) | 73.4 (4.72) | Plasma | 134.0 (50.71) | 195.1 (87.13) |
| Salvadó, 2022 [56] | Spain (ALFA+) | Aβ−Tau−/Aβ+Tau−/Aβ+Tau+ | Aβ−Tau−: 202 (72/130) | Aβ+Tau−: 88 (39/49)/Aβ+Tau−: 24 (7/17) | Aβ−Tau−: 60.5 (4.3) | Aβ+Tau−: 61.7 (5.1)/Aβ+Tau−: 64.3 (4.7) | Plasma | Aβ−Tau−:121 (42) | Aβ+Tau−: 153 (66)/Aβ+Tau+: 201 (53) |
| Shir, 2022 [57] | USA | Aβ−/Aβ+ | 99 (57/42) | 101 (44/57) | 75 (9) | 81 (8) | Plasma | 134 (65) | 197 (83) |
| Simrén, 2021 [58] | Finland/Italy/Greece/UK/Poland/France (Add NeuroMed) |
CU/MCI/AD | CU: 99 (46/53) | MCI: 107 (51/56)/AD: 103 (40/63) | CU:73 (6.14) | MCI: 74.47 (5.89)/AD: 76.35 (5.76) | Plasma | CU:125.23 (73.76) | MCI: 147.81 (81.14)/AD: 219.04 (136.1) |
| Simrén, 2022 [59] | Sweden | Aβ−/Aβ+ | 28 (17/11) | 21 (9/12) | 73.5 (62.8–76.3) | 73 (67.0–76.0) | Serum | 160 (115–282) | 231 (167–283) |
| Stevenson-Hoare, 2022 [60] | UK (ADCC) | Con/AD | 508 (221/287) | 1439 (748/691) | 82.2 (6.72) | 68.1 (8.03) | Plasma | 196 (85.3) | 215 (103) |
| Stocker, 2022 [61] | Germany (ESTHER) | Con/AD (0–17 y) | 507 (229/278) | 145 (56/89) | 61.2 (6.5) | 66.7 (5.2) | Plasma | 87.0 (46.7) | 133.3 (86.0) |
| Thijssen, 2022 [62] | Netherlands (Amsterdam Dementia) | Con/AD (Cohort1) | 40 (20/20) | 40 (20/20) | 56 (53–59) | 58 (55–59) | Plasma | 534 (342–693) | 1580 (1091–1970) |
| Con/AD (Cohort2) | 38 (18/20) | 38 (18/20) | 63 (59–66) | 63 (59–67) | 66.6 (47.1–85.9) | 119 (99.4–178) | |||
| Verberk, 2020 [63] | Netherlands (Amsterdam Dementia) | Aβ−/Aβ+ | 76 (49/27) | 176 (89/87) | 61 (9) | 63 (7) | Plasma | 96 (53) | 168 (77) |
Healthy controls (HC), subjective memory complainers (SMC), compressed subjective memory complainers (SMCs), semantic variant primary progressive aphasia (svPPA), clinically normal (CN), mild cognitive impairment (MCI), Alzheimer’s disease (AD), cognitively unimpaired (CU), glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), Aβ-negative cognitively unimpaired (CU−), Aβ-positive cognitively unimpaired (CU+), Aβ-positive mild cognitive impairment (MCI+), control (Con), age: years, GFAP: pg/mL.