Figure 7.

GSC and hypoxia-related autophagy. Hypoxia induces autophagy via activated Notch, Hedgehog, Wnt/β-catenin pathways, and autophagy-related 9 A (ATG9A) in GBM; autophagy modulates protein degradation; autophagy regulates turnover of NSCs; upregulated autophagy promotes self-renewal and metabolism of GSC; autophagy facilitates TMZ resistance in GBM; chemo-agents such as ferroptosis, tocilizumab, chloroquine, and inhibitor of MST4-ATG4B axis suppress autophagy and reduce malignancy of GBM.