Table 4.

Advances in hypoxia-related radio-and-immune therapy targeting GSC.

Agent	Mechanism	Function	Reference
total flavonoid of Eucommia ulmoides	downregulates HIF-a/MMP-2 pathway and upregulates apoptosis	increase effect of GBM radiotherapy	(Wang et al., 2019 [140])
Olaparib	a promising radiosensitizer	improves prognosis of GBM patients	(Lesueur et al., 2019 [141])
Olaparib plus temozolomide	combined with intensity modulated radiotherapy	spares healthy tissues and preserves neurocognitive functions to improve prognosis of GBM patients	(Lesueur et al., 2019 [141])
nivolumab	a PD-1 inhibitor associates with PTEN mutation and MAPK enrichment	displays therapeutic efficacy of GBM	(Zhao et al., 2019 [35])
pembrolizumab	a PD-1 inhibitor associates with PTEN mutation and MAPK enrichment	displays therapeutic efficacy of GBM	(Hsu et al., 2020 [75])
nanoparticles	penetrates GBM niche and combines with chemo-, radio- and photodynamic therapies	displays therapeutic efficacy of GBM	(Yang et al., 2021 [142])