Table 1.
Recent clinical trials related to GC-targeted therapy.
| Target | Drug | Phase | Study | Number of Patients | Outcome | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| HER2 | Trastuzumab | III | TOGA | 594 | Trastuzumab-CP-FP combined group showed improved OS (HR 0.74, p < 0.01) and PFS (HR 0.71, p < 0.01), with an increased overall response rate (p < 0.01) when compared with the chemotherapy group. | [105] |
| Lapatinib | III | LOGIC | 545 | Lapatinib-OXC combined group showed improved PFS (HR 0.82, p = 0.038) and PFS (HR 0.82, p = 0.038), with increased overall response rate (p < 0.01) when compared with the chemotherapy group. | [121] | |
| Pertuzumab to trastuzumab | III | JACOB | 780 | No significant improvement in OS (HR 0.84, p = 0.057). | [122] | |
| Trastuzumab emtansine | II/III | GATSBY | 345 | Trastuzumab emtansine was inferior to taxane in patients with previously treated, HER2-positive advanced GC. | [123] | |
| Trastuzumab Deruxtecan | II | DESTINY-Gastric01 | 188 | Therapy with Trastuzumab deruxtecan led to significant improvements in response (p < 0.01) and OS (HR 0.59, p = 0.01) when compared with standard therapies. | [124] | |
| VEGF | Bevacizumab | II | AVAGAST | 774 | No significant improvement in OS, but increased PFS (HR 0.80, p = 0.0037) and overall response rate (p = 0.0315). | [125] |
| VEGFR2 | Ramucirumab | III | RAINFALL | 645 | No significant improvement in OS (HR 0.96, p = 0.68) and overall response rate (p = 0.17). | [126] |
| Ramucirumab | III | RAINBOW | 665 | The combination of ramucirumab with paclitaxel significantly increases overall survival (HR 0.80, p = 0.017) and PFS (HR 0.63. p < 0.01). | [127] | |
| Ramucirumab | III | REGARD | 355 | Single drug administration of Ramucirumab showed improved OS (HR 0.77, p = 0.047) and PFS (HR 0.48, p < 0.01). | [108] | |
| c-MET | Rilotumumab | III | RILOMET-1 | 609 | Not effective in improving clinical outcomes in MET-positive GC patients. | [128] |
| Onartuzumab | III | METGastric | 562 | No significant improvement in OS, PFS, and overall response rate. | [129] | |
| EGFR | Panitumumab | III | REAL3 | 553 | Adding panitumumab to EOC chemotherapy is ineffective in improving OS and PFS. | [116] |
| Cetuximab | III | EXPAND | 904 | No additional benefit to combining cetuximab with chemotherapy for advanced GC patients. | [130] | |
| Gefitinib | III | COG | 450 | No significant improvement in OS, but it has palliative benefits for patients with short life expectancy. | [131] | |
| FGFR2 | AZD4547 | II | SHINE | 71 | AZD4547 did not significantly improve PFS versus paclitaxel in FGFR2 amplification/polysomy GC patients. | [132] |
| PARP | Olaparib | III | GOLD | 643 | No significant improvement in OS with olaparib in the overall or ATM-negative population. | [133] |
| mTOR | Everolimus | III | GRANITE-1 | 656 | No significant improvement in OS (HR 0.90, p = 0.124) and overall response rate. | [134] |
| Claudin18.2 | Zolbetuximab | II | FAST | 252 | Adding zolbetuximab to first-line EOX provides longer PFS (HR 0.44, p < 0.001) and OS (HR 0.56, p < 0.001) versus EOX. | [16] |
| CT041 | I | NCT038-74897 | 123 | CT041 has promising efficacy with an acceptable safety profile in CLDN18.2-positive system cancers. | [114] | |
| Immuno-therapy | Pembro-lizumab | III | KEYNOTE-061 | 650 | Single drug administration of Pembrolizumab presented no significant improvement in OS compared to paclitaxel. | [135] |
| Pembro-lizumab | III | KEYNOTE-590 | 383 | The combined therapy presented improved OS (HR 0.62, p = 0.001) and PFS (HR 0.51, p < 0.001) when compared with chemotherapy alone. | [136] | |
| Nivolumab | III | ATTRAC-TION-02 | 493 | Improved OS (HR 0.63, p < 0.001) and PFS (HR 0.60, p < 0.001) of patients with advanced gastric or gastro-oesophageal junction cancer. | [118] | |
| Nivolumab | III | CheckMate-649 | 955 | Adding nivolumab to chemotherapy presented improved OS (HR 0.71, p < 0.001, PFS (HR 0.68, p < 0.001), and overall response rate (p < 0.01). | [137] |