. 2023 Apr 28;13(9):1588. doi: 10.3390/diagnostics13091588

Table 1.

Categorized risk factors that have been studied in childhood-onset CP recurrence. Each factor is colored according to the following: dark blue for factors strongly protective against recurrence; light blue for factors that most probably have no association with recurrence; dark red as strongly heightened risk; light red as weakly heightened risk; grey for factors with inconclusive data.

Category	Risk Factor	Association Found	Study
Epidemiological features	Younger age	Increases the risk	Rajan et al. [25], De Vile et al. [23] Fisher et al. [40], Gautier et al. [24], Šteňo et al. [46], Drimtzias et al. [47]
	Younger age	No association	Duff et al. [32], Lena et al. [48], Al Shail et al. [49]
	Male sex	Increases the risk	Gautier et al. [24], Mortini et al. [22]
	Male sex	No association	Kim et al. [14], Lena et al. [48], Tena-Suck et al. [30], Tomita et al. [29], Al Shail et al. [49]
Morphological features	Large size	Increases the risk	Hetelekidis et al. [19], de Vile et al. [23], Elliot et al. [15] Gupta et al. [26], Shi et al. [41], Weiner et al. [27], Yosef et al. [50], Kobayashi et al. [51]
	Tumor location [e.g., third ventricle involvement]	Increases the risk	Kim et al. [14], Fahlbusch et al. [28], Tomita et al. [29], Van Effenterre et al. [18], Kim et al. [14]
	Tumor adherence to surrounding tissues	Increases the risk	Fahlbusch et al. [28], Tomita et al. [29], Karavitaki et al. [1], Pan et al. [57], Pascual et al. [55], Pascual et al. [58], Shi et al. [41], Effenterre et al. [18]
	Cystic tumor consistency	Increases the risk	Gupta et al. [26], Lee et al. [60], Prieto et al. [16]
Clinical presentation	Hydrocephalus (increased ICP)	Increases the risk	Prieto et al. [16], DeVile et al. [23], Gautier et al. [24]
		Some association	Kim et al. [14], Tomita et al. [29], Gupta et al. [26], Al Shail et al. [49], Poretti et al. [9], Liubinas et al. [61], Fahlbusch et al. [28]
		No association	Duff et al. [32], Karavitaki et al. [1], Kim et al. [14], Puget et al. [44]
	Visual disturbances at presentation	Increases the risk	Duff et al. [32], Lee et al. [62]
	Visual disturbances at presentation	No association	Shail et al. [49], Tena-Suck et al. [30], Drimtzias et al. [47]
	Hypothalamic involvement	Some association	Vinchon et al. [33], De Vile et al. [23], Poretti et al. [9]
	Hypothalamic involvement	Decreases the risk	Gautier et al. [24]
	Hormonal-related symptoms	Increases the risk	Tena-suck et al. [30], Rogers et al. [63], Erfurth et al. [64]
	Hormonal-related symptoms	Better outcome	Gautier et al. [24]
Histological features	Adamantinomatous vs. papillary CP	Adamantinomatous increases recurrence risk	Adamson et al. [65], Szeifert et al. [66], Crotty et al. [67], Tavangar et al. [68]
	Adamantinomatous vs. papillary CP	No difference between the two types	Duff et al. [32], Eldevik et al. [69], Gupta et al. [26], Kim et al. [14], Minamida et al. [70], Tena-Suck et al. [30], Weiner et al. [27], Prieto et al. [16], Agozzino et al. [35], Zygourakis et al. [71]
	Presence of finger-like epithelial protrusions	Increases the risk	Adamson et al. [65], Weiner et al. [27]
	Presence of finger-like epithelial protrusions	No association	Duff et al. [32], Gupta et al. [26], Tena-Suck et al. [30]
	Presence of whorl-like arrays	Increases the risk	Stache et al. [31], Tena-Suck et al. [30],
	Intense reactive peritumoral gliosis	Possible risk increase	Pascual et al. [58], Qi et al. [57], Weiner et al. [27], Bartlett [72]
	Intense reactive peritumoral gliosis	Possible positive effect on number of recurrences	Vile et al. [23], Minamida et al. [70], Tomita et al. [29], Weiner et al. [27], Adamson et al. [65], Prieto et al. [16]
Molecular features	High Ki-67 expression	Increases the risk	Nishi et al. [73], Rodriguez et al. [34], Prieto et al. [16], Raghavan et al. [74], Izumoto et al. [75], Anegawa et al. [76], Guadagno et al. [77], Xu et al. [78]
	High Ki-67 expression	No association	Agozzino et al. [35], Kim et al. [14], Park et al. [79], Losa et al. [80], Duo et al. [81], Raghavan et al. [74], Yalçın et al. [82], Moszczyńska et al. [83]
	p53 gene loss of function	Increases the risk	Tena-Suck et al. [30]
		Possible association	Ishida et al. [36], Lefranc et al. [39], Prieto et al. [16], Ujifuku et al. [84]
		No association	Momota et al. [85], Yalcin et al. [82]
	Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)	Increases the risk	Liu et al. [86], Sun et al. [87], Agozzino et al. [35], Xia et al. [88], Elmaci et al. [37]
	Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)	No association	Xu et al. [89]
	Expression of RAR isotypes and cathepsins	RARγ increases the risk	Lubansu et al. [38], Lefranc et al. [39]
	Hormones and their receptors	Possible association	Hofmann et al. [90], Li et al. [91]
	Hormones and their receptors	No association	Martínez-Ortega et al. [92]
Therapeutic approach	Presence of tumor remnants after excision	Increases the risk	Amendola et al. [93], Baskin et al. [94], Cabezudo et al. [95], Carmel et al. [96], Crotty et al. [67], De Vile et al. [23], Duff et al. [32], Elliot et al. [15], Fahlbusch et al. [28], Eldevik et al. [69], Gautier et al. [24], Gupta et al. [26], Hetelekidis et al. [19], Hoffman et al. [13], Karavitaki et al. [1], Khafaga et al. [97], Lena et al. [48], Mortini et al. [22], Puget et al. [44], Schoenfeld et al. [20], Shi et al. [41], Tena-Suck et al. [30], Thompson et al. [98], Tomita et al. [29], Van Effenterre et al. [18], Weiner et al. [27], Yasargil et al. [99], Zuccaro et al. [100]
	Neurosurgical team expertise	Affects the recurrence rate	Mortini et al. [101], Bao et al. [102], Yosef et al. [50], Zygourakis et al. [71], Prieto et al. [16], Tavangar et al. [68]
	Use of radiotherapy after subtotal surgical removal	Decreases the risk	Baskin et al. [94], Cabezudo et al. [95], Carmel et al. [96], Crotty et al. [67], De Vile et al. [23], Duff et al. [32], Eldevik et al. [69], Fisher et al. [40], Hetelekidis et al. [19], Karavitaki et al. [1], Khafaga et al. [97], Mortini et al. [22], Richmond et al. [103], Schoenfeld et al. [20], Stahnke et al. [104], Thompson et al. [98], Tomita et al. [29], Thomsett et al. [105], Weiss et al. [106], Wen et al. [107], Amendola et al. [93], Enayet et al. [108], Stripp et al. [109]
	Presence of calcifications	Increases the risk	Fahlbusch et al. [28], Fisher et al. [40], Zhang et al. 2008 [110], Cheng et al. [111]
	Presence of calcifications	No association	Elliott et al. [42], Drimtzias et al. [47]
	Use of GH replacement therapy	Increases the risk	Taguchi et al. [112], Niu et al. [113]
		No association	Arslanian et al. [114], Olsson et al. [115], Kanev et al. [116], Moshang [43], Karavitaki et al. [117], Rohrer et al. [118], Boekhoff et al. [119], Boguszewski et al. [120], Puget et al. [44], Kim et al. [14], Elliott et al. [15], Clayton et al. [121], Child et al. [122], Darendeliler et al. [45], Moshang et al. [123], Price et al. [124], Smith et al. [125]
		Decreases the risk	Alotaibi et al. [126]