Figure 1.

Effects of BPs and Dmab on OCs and immune cells that possibly cause MRONJ. BPs act on OCs, inducing their apoptosis, and exert an inhibitory effect on γδ T cells, regulatory T cells (Tregs), dendritic cells and neutrophils. BPs stimulate Th17 and affect the balance of macrophages, reducing the pro-inflammatory M1 and inducing the phenotype M2. Dmab links RANKL by inhibiting OC proliferation and activation, while its reported effect on immune system subsets is limited to a reduction in the anti-inflammatory macrophage M2. At last, the effect of both BPs and Dmab contribute to the onset of ONJ. Created by Biorender (accessed on 28 February 2023).