Table 1.
Studies concerning PAO/LAO displayed starting with 2023 (please see references [38,39,40,41,42,43,44,45,46,47,48,49]).
| First author Year of Publication Reference Number |
Type of Study | Studied Population | Results | Outcome |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Toussia-Cohen 2023 [38] |
retrospective |
n = 34 pregnant females with TOH (mean age: 34.18 y) |
50% with PAO 50% with LAO |
29%: family history of OP 47%: smokers 32%: IVF |
| Çataltape 2022 [39] |
retrospective | n = 29,291 pregnant females | 0.078% with SSF (n′ = 23) | 30%: 25OHD < 20 ng/mL |
| Hadji 2022 [40] |
retrospective | n = 47 patients with PAO/LAO treated with TPT (20 µg/day, 24 mo) | mean VFs: 4 incidental VF under TPT: 7.8% |
After 24 mo (p < 0.001): lumbar BMD +30.1% femoral neck BMD + 11.7% hip BMD + 12.2% after 12 mo since TPT (p = NS): lumbar BMD + 1.4% femoral neck BMD + 2.6% hip BMD + 4.1% |
| Toba 2022 [41] |
retrospective | n = 837,347 females who had 2-year history of obstetric admission | rate of fractures within first 2 y after birth: 4.5/10,000 pregnancies (n′ = 379) | 7.5%: recommendation for stopping breastfeeding or anti-osteoporotic drugs Other contributors: |
| ||||
| Aytar 2022 [42] |
retrospective | n = 10 females with LAO (median age: 30 y) | LAO median diagnostic: 1 mo 7/10 with VFs |
n = 1: vertebroplasty Potential contributors: |
| ||||
| Condon 2022 [43] |
survey | n = 69 females with PAO | 4.4%: PAO diagnostic after 1 mo since pain started | 42%: were able to provide the child care by themselves after 6 mo |
| Miles 2021 [44] |
TriNetX-based study | n = 135 patients with osteporotic fractures within the 1st year postpartum | 44%: lumbosacral VFs | Therapy (n = 70): each of 7% for DEN, TPT, ZOL, pamidronate, ibandronate, calcitonin, cinacalcet, etidronate, alendronate, risendronate |
| Lampropoulou-Adamidou [45] |
multicenter, retrospective, 2-year study |
n = 19 patients with PAO/LAO treated with TPT (20 µg/day, 24 mo) n′ = 8 patients with VD + calcium |
median VFs: 4 versus 2.5 |
After 12 mo: lumbar aBMD +20.9 versus +6.2% (p < 0.001) hip aBMD +10% versus 5.8% (p = 0.43) TBS +6.7% versus 0.9% (p = 0.09) After 24 mo: N1 = 7 versus N1′ = 6 +32.9% versus +12.2% (p = 0.001) |
| Lee 2021 [46] |
retrospective | n = 33 patients with PAO/LAO treated with TPT (12 mo) followed by anti-resorptive drugs (N1 = 13, 18 mo) versus none (N2 = 20) | similar age (mean of 31 y) and BMD at baseline (N1 versus N2) | similar lumbar and hip BMD increase after 1, 2, and 3 y (N1 = N2) |
| Scioscia 2021 [47] |
retrospective | n = 7 females with PAO | 6/7 VFs 1/7 TOH |
HRPQCT (versus healthy controls): trabecular density < 34% (p < 0.01) cortical thickness < 22% (p = 0.01) |
| Butscheidt 2021 [48] |
multicenter |
n = 42 females with PAO/LAO (genetic analysis) |
50% with genetic variants (LRP5, WNT1, and COL1A1/A2) | Females with genetic variants versus non-genetic: higher number of VFs (p = 0.02) lower Z-score (p = 0.002) HRPQCT: lower trabecular and cortical density |
| Yıldız AE 2021 [49] |
retrospective | n = 1260 females with MRI scans | 0.5% had PAO/LAO VFs (n′ = 6) | mean VFs = 5.6 |
Abbreviations: aBMD = areal bone mineral density; 25OHD = 25-hydroxyvitamin D = 25OHD; Ca = calcium; DEN = denosumab; IVF = in vitro fertilization; QRPQCT = high-resolution peripheral quantitative computed tomography; LAO = lactation-associated osteoporosis; mo = month; n = number of patients; NS = non-significant; OP = osteoporosis; PAO = pregnancy-associated osteoporosis; SSF = stress sacral fractures; TOH = transitory osteoporosis of the hip; TPT = teriparatide; VF = vertebral fractures; VD = vitamin D; ZOL = zoledronate.