Table 1.

Clinical trials of therapeutic lymphangiogenesis for lymphedema.

	Target Molecule	Patient Number	Edema Site	Follow-Up	Result	Year	Ref.
Gene therapy	VEGF-C	15	Upper limb	12 months	No dose-limiting toxicities and well tolerated.	2020	Hartiala et al. [146]
Cell therapy	BM-stromal cell	15	Upper limb	12 months	The BMSC Group had a reduction in lymphedema volume and pain scale and a better long-term cure result.	2008	Hou et al. [147]
	BM-MNC	10	Upper limb	3 months	BM-MNCs reduce lymphedema volume and chronic pain and improve sensitivity.	2011	Maldonado et al. [148]
	ADSC	1	Upper limb	1 and 4 months	Symptoms in patients were improved over time, and volume of affected arm was reduced.	2016	Toyserkani et al. [149]
	ADSC	10	Upper limb	1, 3, and 6 months	Non-significant change in volume was observed. Patient outcomes improved significantly over time. Half of the patients reduced their use of conservative management.	2017	Toyserkani et al. [150]
	ADSC	10	Upper limb	1, 3, 6, and 12 months	No significant change in volume was observed. Patient outcomes improved significantly over time. Half of the patients reduced their use of conservative management.	2019	Toyserkani et al. [151]
Others	LN transfer	20	Upper limb	39 months	Patients exhibit decrease in cellulitis, circumferential reduction, and circumferential differentiation.	2013	Cheng et al. [152]
	LN transfer	15	Limb	12 months	Mean episodes of cellulitis and circumferential difference and the overall lymphedema quality of life were improved.	2018	Asuncion et al. [153]

BM-MNC indicates bone-marrow-derived mono nuclear cell. ADSC indicates adipose-derived stem cell. LN indicates lymph node.