. 2023 Apr 27;12(9):1819. doi: 10.3390/foods12091819

Table 1.

The effects of using plant polyphenol extracts and flaxseed on fat content and fatty acid concentrations in yolks of raw eggs from slow-growing Sasso laying hens.

Fatty Acids (mg/g)	¹ Treatments										Random Effect	p-Value
	FS		VE8		DA8		TS8		CD8		Random Effect	p-Value
	Mean	95% [LCL, UCL]	Mean	95% [LCL, UCL]	Mean	95% [LCL, UCL]	Mean	95% [LCL, UCL]	Mean	95% [LCL, UCL]
C14:0	0.80	[0.72, 0.86]	0.78	[0.70, 0.85]	0.82	[0.74, 0.89]	0.77	[0.69, 0.84]	0.80	[0.73, 0.87]	non 0	0.8556
C16:0	63.90	[61.1, 66.7]	65.20	[62.4, 68.0]	66.30	[63.6, 69.1]	64.00	[61.3, 66.8]	65.50	[62.7, 68.3]	non 0	0.6833
C18:0	22.70	[21.6, 23.9]	21.50	[20.3, 22.6]	22.20	[21.0, 23.3]	23.10	[21.9, 24.2]	22.70	[21.5, 23.9]	0	0.3320
C14:1cis-9	0.15	[0.12, 0.18]	0.14	[0.11, 0.17]	0.17	[0.14, 0.20]	0.14	[0.11, 0.17]	0.16	[0.13, 0.19]	non 0	0.4706
C16:1cis-9	6.97	[6.17, 7.78]	6.68	[5.87, 7.49]	7.57	[6.76, 8.38]	6.58	[5.77, 7.39]	7.31	[6.50, 8.12]	non 0	0.3638
C18:2n-6	33.70	[30.9, 36.5]	37.20	[34.4, 40.1]	35.60	[32.8, 38.4]	38.8	[36.0, 41.6]	36.20	[33.4, 39.1]	non 0	0.1383
C18:3n-3	6.60	[5.39, 7.80]	6.56	[5.36, 7.77]	7.63	[6.43, 8.83]	8.51	[7.31, 9.72]	8.08	[6.88, 9.28]	non 0	0.0981
C20:4n-6	3.79	[3.52, 4.07]	4.09	[3.81, 4.37]	3.65	[3.37, 3.93]	4.09	[3.81, 4.37]	4.00	[3.73, 4.28]	non 0	0.1045
C20:5n-3	0.16 ^a	[0.14, 0.18]	0.16 ^a	[0.13, 0.17]	0.20 ^b	[0.17, 0.22]	0.21 ^b	[0.18, 0.23]	0.21 ^b	[0.19, 0.23]	0	0.0003
C22:5n-3	0.81 ^a	[0.60, 1.02]	0.95 ^a	[0.75, 1.16]	1.29 ^b	[1.08, 1.50]	1.07 ^ab	[0.86, 1.27]	1.08 ^ab	[0.87, 1.29]	non 0	0.0338
C22:6n-3	5.96 ^a	[5.51, 6.42]	6.31 ^ab	[5.86, 6.77]	6.50 ^ab	[6.04, 6.95]	7.39 ^c	[6.93, 7.84]	6.93 ^bc	[6.47, 7.38]	non 0	0.0011
² ∑SFA	88.20	[84.9, 91.6]	88.40	[85.1, 91.7]	90.20	[86.9, 93.5]	88.80	[85.5, 92.1]	89.90	[86.5, 93.2]	non 0	0.8785
³ ∑MUFA	117	[113, 122]	116	[112, 120]	118	[114, 122]	117	[113, 121]	119	[115, 123]	0	0.9255
⁴ ∑ PUFA	53.10 ^a	[49.2, 56.9]	57.50 ^ab	[53.6, 61.3]	57.00 ^ab	[53.1, 60.8]	62.10 ^b	[58.3, 66.0]	58.50 ^b	[54.7, 62.4]	non 0	0.0366
∑ n-3 PUFAs	13.70 ^a	[12.1, 15.3]	14.20 ^a	[12.6, 15.8]	15.80 ^ab	[14.2, 17.4]	17.40 ^b	[15.8, 19.0]	16.50 ^b	[14.9, 18.1]	non 0	0.0122
∑ n-6 PUFAs	39.10	[36.3, 41.9]	43.10	[40.3, 45.9]	40.90	[38.0, 43.7]	44.50	[41.6, 47.3]	41.80	[38.9, 44.6]	non 0	0.0935
Fat (%)	25.90	[25.2, 26.5]	26.20	[25.5, 26.9]	26.50	[25.8, 27.2]	26.80	[26.1, 27.5]	26.70	[26.0, 27.4]	non 0	0.2900

Estimated marginal means (emmeans) with 95% upper confidence (UCL) and lower confidence limits (LCL) (n = 70); emmeans within a row with ^{a, b, c} superscript letters are significantly different at p < 0.05. ¹ FS: 75 g of flaxseed + no antioxidant sources, VE8: 75 g of flaxseed + 800 mg α-tocopherol/kg, DA8: 75 g of flaxseed + 800 mg of D. angustifolia extract/kg, TS8: 75 g of flaxseed + 800 mg of T. schimperi/kg, CD8: 75 g of flaxseed + 800 mg of C. domestica/kg diet. ² Sum of saturated fatty acids. ³ Sum of monounsaturated fatty acids. ⁴ Sum of polyunsaturated fatty acids.