Table 4.
Multivariable analysis on depression among parents with primary school children during the COVID-19 pandemic in Thailand, 2022.
| Group | Variable | Number of Parents with Depression (%) | Number of Parents without Depression (%) | Crude OR (95%CI) | p-Value of Crude OR | Adjusted OR (95%CI) | p-Value of Adjusted OR |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Parental/Household factors | Gender | ||||||
| Female | 156 (78.0) | 399 (80.9) | 1.0 | ||||
| Male | 44 (22.0) | 94 (19.1) | 1.2 (0.8–1.8) | 0.381 | |||
| Age (year) | |||||||
| 20–34 | 41 (21.1) | 78 (16.2) | 1.0 | ||||
| 35–44 | 111 (57.2) | 268 (55.4) | 0.8 (0.5–1.2) | 0.286 | 0.9 (0.5–1.3) | 0.352 | |
| 45 and over | 42 (21.7) | 137 (28.4) | 0.6 (0.3–1.0) | 0.039 | 0.7 (0.4–1.3) | 0.287 | |
| Education | |||||||
| Never/Primary school | 12 (6.0) | 28 (5.7) | 1.0 | ||||
| High school/Diploma | 64 (32.0) | 164 (33.3) | 0.9 (0.4–1.9) | 0.803 | |||
| Bachelor or higher | 124 (62.0) | 301 (61.0) | 1.0 (0.5–2.0) | 0.913 | |||
| Incomes (THB *) | |||||||
| <=10,000 | 45 (22.5) | 94 (19.1) | 1.0 | ||||
| 10,001–30,000 | 92 (46.0) | 249 (50.6) | 0.8 (0.5–1.2) | 0.236 | |||
| >30,000 | 63 (31.5) | 149 (30.3) | 0.9 (0.6–1.4) | 0.598 | |||
| Parental status | |||||||
| With partner | 115 (77.5) | 394 (80.1) | 1.0 | ||||
| Alone | 45 (22.5) | 98 (19.9) | 1.2 (0.8 -1.7) | 0.447 | |||
| Family type | |||||||
| Single | 84 (42.2) | 216 (44.8) | 1.0 | ||||
| Extended | 115 (57.8) | 226 (55.2) | 1.1 (0.8–1.6) | 0.534 | |||
| Household size | |||||||
| 1–3 people | 39 (19.5) | 105 (21.8) | 1.0 | ||||
| 4–5 people | 103 (51.5) | 250 (52.0) | 1.1 (0.7–1.7) | 0.639 | |||
| >5 people | 58 (29.0) | 126 (26.2) | 1.2 (0.8–2.0) | 0.382 | |||
| Online learning-related factors | Mobiles/Computers in the house | ||||||
| 0–1 device | 115 (57.5) | 234 (47.5) | 1.0 | ||||
| 2 devices or more | 85 (42.5) | 259 (52.5) | 0.7 (0.5–0.9) | 0.017 | 0.7 (0.5–1.1) | 0.092 | |
| Number of school age children | |||||||
| 1 child | 78 (39.0) | 194 (40.2) | 1.0 | ||||
| 2 children | 94 (47.0) | 223 (46.3) | 1.0 (0.7–1.5) | 0.795 | |||
| 3 children or more | 28 (14.0) | 65 (13.5) | 1.0 (0.6–1.8) | 0.793 | |||
| Assist children in online learning | |||||||
| Everyday | 145 (72.9) | 419 (86.8) | 1.0 | ||||
| Not everyday | 54 (27.1) | 64 (13.2) | 2.4 (1.6–3.7) | <0.001 | 2.3 (1.4–3.8) | 0.001 | |
| Assist children by myself | |||||||
| Yes | 169 (84.5) | 450 (91.3) | 1.0 | ||||
| No | 31 (15.5) | 43 (8.7) | 1.9 (1.2–3.1) | 0.010 | 1.8 (1.0–3.4) | 0.066 | |
| Having a child with mental health problem | Reported having youngest child with mental health problems | ||||||
| Normal | 67 (33.7) | 333 (68.2) | 1.0 | ||||
| At risk/have problems | 132 (66.3) | 155 (31.8) | 4.2 (3.0–6.0) | <0.001 | 4.6 (3.1–6.7) | <0.001 | |
| Parents health behaviors | Smoking | ||||||
| No | 481 (97.8) | 190 (95.0) | 1.0 | ||||
| Yes | 11 (2.2) | 10 (5.0) | 2.3 (1.0–5.5) | 0.061 | |||
| Alcohol drinking | |||||||
| No | 146 (73.0) | 424 (86.0) | 1.0 | ||||
| Yes | 54 (27.0) | 69 (14.0) | 2.3 (1.5–3.4) | <0.001 | 1.9 (1.2–3.2) | 0.009 |
* USD 1 = 38.1 THB.