AGEs—advanced glycation end products

ATF4—activating transcription factor 4

CRP—C-reactive protein

CS—cellular stress

DAMPs—danger-associated molecular patterns

DCs—dendritic cells

DDR—DNA damage response

DIC—disseminated intravascular coagulation

DM2—type 2 diabetes mellitus

ECs—endothelial cellsER—endoplasmic reticulum

FFA—free fatty acids

HDL—high-density lipoprotein

HIF-1—hypoxia-inducible factor-1

HSF1—heat shock factor 1

HSP—heat shock proteins

iNOS—inducible NO synthase

LDL—low-density lipoproteins

Lp—atherogenic lipoproteins

LPS—bacterial endo-toxin

MAPKs—mitogen-activated protein kinases

MCs—adventitial mast cells

Mf—macrophages

MMPs—matrix metalloproteinases

mtDNA—mitochondrial DNA

NF-κB—nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells,

NK—natural killer

NO—nitric oxide

NOS—NO synthase

NRF2—nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2

oxLDL—oxidized LDL

PAMPs—pathogen-associated molecular patterns

PRRs—pattern recognition receptors

ROS—reactive oxygen species

SI—systemic inflammation

SRs—scavenger receptors

TCRs—T cell receptors

TFs—transcription factors

Th—T-helper

TLRs—toll-like receptors

UPR—unfolded protein response reaction

VEGF—vascular endothelial growth factors

VSMCs—vascular smooth muscle cells