Table 2.
Effect of germination on individual fatty acid content (% of total fatty acids).
| Grains | Fatty Acid | Germination Conditions |
Results before Sprouting |
Results after Sprouting |
References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Quinoa | C16:0 Palmitic acid | 22–24 °C/24 h | 8.84% | 7.08% | [59] |
| C18:1cis Oleic acid | 22–24 °C/24 h | 20.88% | 23.37% | [59] | |
| C18:2cis Linoleic acid (Omega-6) | 22–24 °C/24 h | 50.55% | 52.32% | [59] | |
| C18:3n-3 Linolenic acid (Omega-3) | 22–24 °C/24 h | 9.65% | 11.49% | [59] | |
| C20:1 Eicosenoic acid |
22–24 °C/24 h | 1.83% | 1.82% | [59] | |
| C22:1 cis Erucic acid |
22–24 °C/24 h | 1.86% | 2.24% | [59] | |
| Saturated fatty acids | 22–24 °C/24 h | 10.58% | 8.59% | [59] | |
| Polyunsaturated fatty acids | 22–24 °C/24 h | 61.53% | 65.52% | [59] | |
| ω-6/ω-3 | 5.24 | 4.55 | [59] | ||
| Barley | C16:0 Palmitic acid | 20 °C/6 days | 20.14 ± 0.150% | 19.97 ± 0.388% | [57] |
| C18:0 Stearic acid | 20 °C/6 days | 1.65 ± 0.379% | 2.05 ± 0.086% | [57] | |
| C18:1 cis Oleic acid | 20 °C/6 days | 15.10 ± 0.380% | 14.16 ± 0.415% | [57] | |
| C18:2 cis Linoleic acid (Omega-6) | 20 °C/6 days | 56.65 ± 0.316% | 56.50 ± 0.804% | [57] | |
| C18:3n-3 Linolenic acid (Omega-3) | 20 °C/6 days | 4.52 ± 0.015% | 6.73 ± 0.428% | [57] | |
| C20:1 | 20 °C/6 days | 0.65 ± 0.303% | 0.45 ± 0.041% | [57] | |
| ω-6/ω-3 | 12.53 | 8.39 | [57] | ||
| Buckwheat | C16:0 Palmitic acid | 37 °C/7 days | 14.6% | 15.8% | [72] |
| 25 °C/8 days | 17.7 ± 1.9% | 14.6 ± 0.8% | [73] | ||
| 30 °C/3 days | 16.56 ± 0.03% | 13.90 ± 0.01% | [58] | ||
| C18:0 Stearic acid | 37 °C/7 days | 2.6% | 6.7% | [72] | |
| 25 °C/8 days | 1.8 ± 0.1% | 1.5 ± 0.2% | [73] | ||
| 30 °C/3 days | 2.24 ± 0.02% | 1.64 ± 0.02% | [58] | ||
| C18:1 cis Oleic acid | 37 °C/7 days | 53.8% | 61.4% | [72] | |
| 25 °C/8 days | 36.8 ± 2.1% | 15.4 ± 1.4% | [73] | ||
| 30 °C/3 days | 39.95 ± 0.1% | 36.18 ± 0.09% | [58] | ||
| C18:2 cis Linoleic acid (Omega-6) | 37 °C/7 days | 27.9% | 14.9% | [72] | |
| 25 °C/8 days | 38.1 ± 2.5% | 51.1 ± 3.0% | [73] | ||
| 30 °C/3 days | 32.16 ± 0.11% | 40.19 ± 0.15% | [58] | ||
| C18:3n-3 Linolenic acid (Omega-3) | 25 °C/8 days | 2.7 ± 0.1% | 18.9 ± 0.8% | [73] | |
| 30 °C/3 days | 1.64 ± 0.05% | 2.84 ± 0.02% | [58] | ||
| C20:0 Arachidic acid | 25 °C/8 days | 1.1 ± 0.3% | — | [73] | |
| 30 °C/3 days | 1.87 ± 0.01% | 1.12 ± 0.01% | [58] | ||
| C20:1 Eicosenoic acid | 30 °C/3 days | 4.18 ± 0.02% | 3.10 ± 0.01% | [58] | |
| Saturated fatty acids | 30 °C/3 days | 21.2 ± 0.06% | 16.84 ± 0% | [58] | |
| Monounsaturated fatty acids | 30 °C/3 days | 44.68 ± 0.16% | 40.05 ± 0.03% | [58] | |
| Polyunsaturated fatty acids | 30 °C/3 days | 33.8 ± 0.16% | 42.96 ± 0.08% | [58] | |
| ω-6/ω-3 | - | - | [72] | ||
| ω-6/ω-3 | 14.1 | 2.7 | [73] | ||
| ω-6/ω-3 | 19.6 | 14.15 | [58] | ||
| Wheat | C11:0 Undecanoic acid | 20 °C/3 days | 1.7% | 1.7% | [55] |
| C16:0 Palmitic acid | 30 °C/2 days | 19.0% | 19.0% | [61] | |
| 17 °C/9 days | 18.22 ± 0.46% | 18.35 ± 2.10% | [74] | ||
| 18.76 ± 0.51% | 18.77 ± 3.40% | ||||
| 20 °C/3 days | 31.2% | 33.5% | [55] | ||
| C18:0 Stearic acid | 30 °C/2 days | 1.0% | 1.1% | [61] | |
| 17 °C/9 days | 1.3 ± 0.35% | 1.25 ± 0.15% | [74] | ||
| 2.44 ± 0.35% | 4.13 ± 3.71% | ||||
| 20 °C/3 days | 1.9% | 1.2% | [55] | ||
| C18:1 cis Oleic acid | 30 °C/2 days | 14.4% | 14.1% | [61] | |
| 17 °C/9 days | 15.90 ± 0.23% | 8.56 ± 0% | [74] | ||
| 18.56 ± 0.19% | 14.35 ± 5.04% | ||||
| 20 °C/3 days | 10.7% | 7.8% | [55] | ||
| C18:2 cis Linoleic acid (Omega-6) | 30 °C/2 days | 59.9% | 59.9% | [61] | |
| 17 °C/9 days | 59.09 ± 1.67% | 53.90 ± 3.40% | [74] | ||
| 52.22 ± 1.66% | 47.44 ± 14.55% | ||||
| 20 °C/3 days | 25.6% | 27.3% | [55] | ||
| C18:3n-3 Linolenic acid (Omega-3) | 30 °C/2 days | 4.0% | 4.2% | [61] | |
| 17 °C/9 days | 4.04 ± 0.16% | 16.08 ± 1.50% | [74] | ||
| 3.93 ± 0.12% | 12.26 ± 1.36% | ||||
| 20 °C/3 days | 2.0% | 2.5% | [55] | ||
| C22:0 Behenic acid |
20 °C/3 days | 1.2% | 1.2% | [55] | |
| C20:3n-6 Eicosatrienoic acid |
20 °C/3 days | 1.4% | 1.5% | [55] | |
| C20:3n-3 Eicosatrienoic acid |
20 °C/3 days | 2.3% | 0.2% | [55] | |
| Saturated fatty acids | 30 °C/2 days | 20.3% | 20.4% | [61] | |
| Polyunsaturated fatty acids | 30 °C/2 days | 64.0% | 64.1% | [61] | |
| ω-6/ω-3 | 14 | 14 | [61] | ||
| ω-6/ω-3 | 14.62 | 3.35 | [74] | ||
| ω-6/ω-3 | 13.29 | 3.87 | [74] | ||
| ω-6/ω-3 | 12.8 | 10.92 | [55] | ||
| Oat | C16:0 Palmitic acid | 18 °C/4 days | 16.53 ± 0.06% | 16.64 ± 0.08% | [45] |
| C18:0 Stearic acid | 18 °C/4 days | 34.19 ± 0.08% | 33.09 ± 0.06% | [45] | |
| C18:1 cis Oleic acid | 18 °C/4 days | 34.19 ± 0.08% | 33.09 ± 0.06% | [45] | |
| C18:2 cis Linoleic acid (Omega-6) | 18 °C/4 days | 43.73 ± 0.21% | 44.36 ± 0.10% | [45] | |
| C18:3n-3 Linolenic acid (Omega-3) | 18 °C/4 days | 1.67 ± 0.01% | 1.96 ± 0.01% | [45] | |
| Total saturated fatty acids | 18 °C/4 days | 18.19 ± 0.12% | 18.30 ± 0.13% | [45] | |
| Total monounsaturated fatty acids | 18 °C/4 days | 36.29 ± 0.12% | 35.26 ± 0.05% | [45] | |
| Total polyunsaturated fatty acids | 18 °C/4 days | 45.52 ± 0.22% | 46.44 ± 0.10% | [45] | |
| ω-6/ω-3 | 26.2 | 22.6 | [45] |