Table 3.

Essential oils with appetite-enhancing effects in animal models.

No.	Essential Oil	Major Compounds	Route of Administration	Dose	Duration	Species	Mechanism	References
1	Lavender essential oil	Linalool 1,8-Cineole (Eucalyptol) Camphor	Inhalation	100,000× dilution in water	15 min/day, 33 days	Wistar rats	Decrease WAT, BAT, and adrenal SNA; increase gastric PSNA	[37]
2	Fennel essential oil	trans-Anethole Fenchone	Mix with diet	100 mg/kg of diet	3 weeks	Pietrain × (Landrace × Large White) pigs	n/a	[39]
3	Zingiber zerumbet essential oil	Zerumbone	Inhalation	100× dilution in water	5 weeks	Sprague Dawley rats	Decrease BAT SNA	[46]
4	Curry essential oil	trans-Anethole 2-Methyl-3-phenylpropanal	Inhalation	4.5 × 10−4 mg/cage	1 h	ddY mice	n/a	[53]
5	Cinnamon essential oil	trans-Cinnamaldehyde trans-2-Methoxycinnamaldehyde	Mix with diet	7% (w/w) of diet	15 days	Crossbred bulls	n/a	[56]
6	Clove essential oil	Eugenol Eugenol acetate	Mix with diet	3.5% (w/w) of diet	15 days	Crossbred bulls	n/a	[56]
7	Amomum villosum Lour. essential oil	Bornyl acetate Camphor	Oral	8, 16, 32 mg/kg	12 days	Sprague Dawley rats	n/a	[58]
8	Nutmeg essential oil	Sabinene α-Pinene	Inhalation	7.4 × 10−7 mg/cm3	1 h	ddY mice	n/a	[65]
9	Cinnamon essential oil	trans-Cinnamaldehyde trans-2-Methoxycinnamaldehyde	Inhalation	4.5 × 10−4~4.5 × 10−3 mg/cage	1 h	ddY mice	n/a	[67]
10	Clove essential oil	Eugenol Eugenol acetate	Inhalation	4.5 × 10−4~4.5 × 10−3 mg/cage	1 h	ddY mice	n/a	[67]
11	Fennel essential oil	trans-Anethole Fenchone	Inhalation	4.5 × 10−4~4.5 × 10−3 mg/cage	1 h	ddY mice	n/a	[67]
12	Cang-ai essential oil	Eugenol 1,8-Cineole	Oral	4.6 μg/kg/day	28 days	Sprague Dawley rats	n/a	[74]

BAT, brown adipose tissue; n/a, not applicable; PSNA, parasympathetic nerve activity; SNA, sympathetic nerve activity; WAT, white adipose tissue.