Table 4.

Fragrant compounds with appetite-enhancing effects in animal models.

No.	Fragrant Compounds	Route of Administration	Dose	Duration	Model	Mechanism	References
1	Linalool	Inhalation	5000× dilution in water	33 days	Wistar rats	Decrease adrenal SNA, increase gastric PSNA	[37]
2	Zerumbone	Inhalation	100× dilution in water	5 weeks	Sprague Dawley rats	Decrease BAT SNA	[46]
3	Eugenol	Inhalation	4.5 × 10−4 mg/cage	1 h	ddY mice	n/a	[53]
4	Mixture of trans-cinnamaldehyde, eugenol, trans-anethole (1:2.6:5.6)	Inhalation	4.5 × 10−5 mg/cage	1 h	ddY mice	n/a	[53]
5	trans-Anethole	Inhalation	4.5 × 10−4 mg/cage	1 h	ddY mice	n/a	[53]
6	trans-Cinnamaldehyde	Inhalation	4.5 × 10−4 mg/cage	1 h	ddY mice	n/a	[53]
7	1-Phenyl-2-butanone	Inhalation	4.5 × 10−4 mg/cage	1 h	ddY mice	Increase NPY mRNA expression	[54]
8	Benzylacetone	Inhalation	4.5 × 10−4 mg/cage	1 h	ddY mice	Increase NPY mRNA expression	[54]
9	trans-Cinnamaldehyde	Inhalation	4.5 × 10−4 mg/cage	1 h	ddY mice	Increase NPY mRNA expression	[54]
10	Bornyl acetate	Oral	2, 4, 8 mg/kg	12 days	Sprague Dawley rats	n/a	[58]
11	Ethyl vanillin	Inhalation	4.5 × 10−4~4.5 × 10−3 mg/cage	1 h	ddY mice	n/a	[61]
12	Eugenol	Inhalation	4.5 × 10−4~2.5 × 10−3 mg/cage	1 h	ddY mice	n/a	[61]
13	Vanillin	Inhalation	4.5 × 10−5~4.5 × 10−3 mg/cage	1 h	ddY mice	n/a	[61]
14	Benzylacetone	Inhalation	7.4 × 10−8~7.4 × 10−2 mg/cm3	5~60 min	ddY mice	n/a	[65]
15	Methyl eugenol	Inhalation	7.4 × 10−9 mg/cm3	1 h	ddY mice	n/a	[65]
16	Myristicin	Inhalation	7.4 × 10−9 mg/cm3	1 h	ddY mice	n/a	[65]
17	Vanillylacetone	Inhalation	7.4 × 10−10~7.4 × 10−7 mg/cm3	1 h	ddY mice	n/a	[65]
18	2-Methoxycinnamaldehyde	Inhalation	4.5 × 10−5~4.5 × 10−4 mg/cage	1 h	ddY mice	n/a	[67]
19	3-Phenylpropionaldehyde	Inhalation	4.5 × 10−4~4.5 × 10−3 mg/cage	1 h	ddY mice	n/a	[67]
20	Benzyl benzoate	Inhalation	4.5 × 10−6~2.5 × 10−3 mg/cage	1 h	ddY mice	n/a	[67]
21	Benzylacetone	Inhalation	4.5 × 10−4 mg/cage	1 h	ddY mice	n/a	[67]
22	Cinnamyl acetate	Inhalation	4.5 × 10−5~4.5 × 10−4 mg/cage	1 h	ddY mice	n/a	[67]
23	Eugenol	Inhalation	4.5 × 10−4 mg/cage	1 h	ddY mice	n/a	[67]
24	Eugenol acetate	Inhalation	1.1 × 10−3~4.5 × 10−3 mg/cage	1 h	ddY mice	n/a	[67]
25	Methyl salicylate	Inhalation	4.5 × 10−4~2.5 × 10−3 mg/cage	1 h	ddY mice	n/a	[67]
26	Mixture of eugenol and eugenol acetate (2:1)	Inhalation	4.5 × 10−4 mg/cage	1 h	ddY mice	n/a	[67]
27	p-Anisketone	Inhalation	4.5 × 10−4~2.5 × 10−3 mg/cage	1 h	ddY mice	n/a	[67]
28	trans-Anethole	Inhalation	4.5 × 10−4 mg/cage	1 h	ddY mice	n/a	[67]
29	trans-Cinnamaldehyde	Inhalation	4.5 × 10−4~4.5 × 10−3 mg/cage	1 h	ddY mice	n/a	[67]
30	trans-Cinnamyl alcohol	Inhalation	4.5 × 10−4~4.5 × 10−2 mg/cage	1 h	ddY mice	n/a	[67]
31	2,5-Dimethyl-4-hydroxy-3(2H)-furanone (DMHF)	Inhalation	5.7 mg/L water	6 weeks	Wistar rats	Increase mRNA expression of Cartpt, and Agt	[69]

Agt, angiotensinogen; BAT, brown adipose tissue; Cartpt, cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript prepropeptide; n/a, not applicable; NPY, neuropeptide Y; PSNA, parasympathetic nerve activity; SNA, sympathetic nerve activity.