Table 5.

Essential oils with appetite-reducing effects in animal models.

No.	Essential Oil	Major Compounds	Route of Administration	Dose	Duration	Species	Mechanism	References
1	Grapefruit essential oil	Limonene	Inhalation		15 min, 3 times/week for 6 weeks	Wistar rats, C57BL/6J mice	Increase WAT, BAT, and adrenal SNA; decrease gastric PSNA	[38]
2	Caraway (Carvi aetheroleum) essential oil	Limonene Carvone	Mix with diet	100 mg/kg of diet	3 weeks	Pietrain × (Landrace × Large White) pigs	n/a	[39]
3	Citrus aurantifolia essential oil	D-Limonene α-Terpineol	Subcutaneous injection	125, 250, 500 mg/kg	45 days	Mice	n/a	[44]
4	Peppermint essential oil	(L)-menthol (L)-menthone	Mix with diet	400, 500 mg/kg	6 weeks	Ross 308 Broilers	n/a	[45]
5	Osmanthus fragrans essential oil	n/a	Inhalation	100 μL/filter paper	23 days	Wistar rats	Decrease mRNA expression of AgRP and NPY, increase mRNA expression of CART and POMC	[34]
6	FormaXOL	n/a	Mix with diet	4 kg/ton diet	28 days	Pigs	n/a	[57]
7	Thyme essential oil	Thymol Durenol	Mix with diet	400 ppm	35 days	Japanese quail	n/a	[59]
8	Arq zeera (Trachyspermum ammi L., Zingiber officinale Roxb., Carum carvi L., and Cuminum cyminum L)		Oral	7.75 mg/kg	Twice per day for 4 weeks	Wistar rats	Lower the elevated serum leptin level (reduced leptin resistance) in obese rats	[60]
9	Croton zehntneri essential oil	trans-Anethole Estragole	Oral	250 mg/kg	10 weeks	Wistar rats	n/a	[63]
10	Patchouli essential oil	α-Patchoulene β-Patchoulene	Inhalation	0.3% or 1%	30 min for 6 or 12 weeks	Sprague Dawley rats	Lower the elevated serum leptin level (reduced leptin resistance) in obese rats	[66]
11	Pine essential oil	n/a	Mix with diet	2% (w/w) of diet	n/a	Western grey kangaroos	n/a	[72]

AgRP, agouti-related protein; BAT, brown adipose tissue; CART, cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript; n/a, not applicable; NPY, neuropeptide Y; POMC, proopiomelanocortin; PSNA, parasympathetic nerve activity; SNA, sympathetic nerve activity; WAT, white adipose tissue.