Table 1.

Interleukins and their mechanisms in neuroinflammation.

Interleukin	Types	Mechanism in Neuroinflammation	Reference
Pro-inflammatory	IL-1β	Induces neuroinflammation, promotes neuronal damage and death through activation of the inflammasome and downstream signaling pathways	[7]
	IL-6	Promotes neuroinflammation and mediates blood-brain barrier disruption through activation of the JAK-STAT signaling pathway	[8]
	IL-17	Induces neuroinflammation and promotes tissue damage by activating pro-inflammatory signaling pathways and promoting the recruitment of neutrophils	[9]
	IL-23	Induces neuroinflammation and promotes tissue damage by promoting the differentiation of Th17 cells and production of pro-inflammatory cytokines	[10]
	IL-36	Induces neuroinflammation and promotes the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines, chemokines, and adhesion molecules	[11]
Anti-inflammatory	IL-2	Promotes neuroprotection and repair by enhancing the survival and differentiation of neural stem cells and neurons	[12]
	IL-4	Reduces neuroinflammation and promotes neuroprotection by inhibiting the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines and enhancing anti-inflammatory cytokine production	[13]
	IL-10	Inhibits neuroinflammation and promotes neuroprotection and repair by inhibiting the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines and promoting the differentiation of regulatory T cells	[14]
	IL-27	Inhibits neuroinflammation and promotes neuroprotection and repair by inhibiting the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines and promoting the differentiation of type 1 regulatory T cells	[15]
	IL-35	Inhibits neuroinflammation and promotes neuroprotection and repair by inhibiting the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines and promoting the differentiation of regulatory T cells	[16]