Figure 3.

Proposed model of cell death induced by combination of chemotherapeutic drugs and TOPO inhibitors. The combination chemotherapy causes DNA damage, generates cellular stress, and induces cell death by activating cell cycle arrest, apoptosis, autophagy, and necroptosis pathways. α and β refer to other chemotherapeutic drugs used in combination therapy. Atg, autophagy related; LC3, microtubule-associated protein 1A/1B-light chain 3; MLKL, mixed lineage kinase domain-like protein; RIPK, receptor-interacting protein kinase; PARP, poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase.