Table 1.

Interplay between endocrine disruptors and microbiota with potential drivers of breast cancer.

Source	Molecules	Microrganisms	Outcome	References
Foods	Lignans Isoflavones	C. methoxybenzovorans B. pseudocatenulatum WC 401 Firmicutes Bacteroidetes F. prausnitzii Lactobacillus Enterococcus	Estrogen Bioavailability	[60,61,62,63,64]
Plastics	BPA BPS	Helicobacteraceae Firmicutes Clostridia	Lipogenesis Gluconeogenesis Tumor proliferation Metastatic spread	[58,59,65,66]
Pesticides	Organophosphates DDT DDE PCB	Bacteroides, Burkholderiales Clostridiaceae Erysiopelotrichaceae Coprobacillus Lachnospiraceae Staphylococcaceae	Gluconeogenesis Oxidative stress Changes in insulin and ghrelin secretion	[49,50,65,66]
Heavy metals	Arsenic Lead Cadmium	Bacteroides Firmicutes Proteobacteria	Altered gluconeogenesis Lipogenesis Inflammation Body fat	[65,66]

BPA, Bisphenol A; BPS, Bisphenol S; DDT, dichloro-diphenyl-trichloroethane; DDE, Dichloro-diphenyl-dichloroethylene; PCB, polychlorinated biphenyl.